Lesbian Photographers :: Photography Homosexuality Sexuality Essays

Lesbian Photographers Joan Scott makes many assertions in her historical essay on gender. The key point that plays into my own research is that â€Å"gender is a primary way of signifying relationships of power.† Power, in the case of women and photography, is controlling the political economy of photography--- as in the ability to control or inform both the denotations, and connotations of a photograph. My research project on lesbian and queer photography from the 1930s to today in America illustrates that there is unequal distribution of power, with a strong correlation to race, class, and gender. This mal-distribution of power changes over time and large shifts link with other large shifts in social change. Through oral histories I conducted with lesbian photographers I learned firsthand that telling lesbian or queer history means understanding the politics of shifting power of photographic representation. As Barthes explains in his essay The Photographic Paradox, scholars must look at bot h the denotations and connotations of a photograph in order to completely understand its meaning. A long history of lesbian photography shows how as social changes reconstructed ideas of women, lesbian photography both reflected changes and offered challenges, particularly with gender, sexuality, and race. As in the case for many social groups, the power to produce the lesbian image is skewed over race, class, and gender. An unequal distribution of resources because of race, class, and gender means that there are fewer resources to spread among those who seek to take pictures. In the early days of photography, those with access to photography were overwhelmingly white, male, and middle or upper class. Race, class, and gender also affected the imagining of documentation by photography, the availability of personal space, capital to purchase equipment, and funds to support taking pictures as a living. Furthermore, in order to get pictures published, the photographer needed connections or money. These prohibitive costs prevent an unforeseen number of women, minorities, and poor from imagining that they could record their lives by photograph, so many of these individuals and groups came to be represented by pictures taken by those whose primary identity may lie outside tha t group. A lack of photographers from the inside of the group did not mean that a group wouldn’t be photographed.

A Tale Of Two Cities: Dr. Alexandre Manette :: essays research papers fc

A Tale Of Two Cities: Dr. Alexandre Manette   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Alexandre Manette the great survivor of the Bastille and father to Lucie Manette. Dr.Manette is the most important character in the book. Throughout the book he is the stories backbone. Few subplots ignore Manette.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Manette loves his daughter. She is the world to him, without her he would still be a crazed old man. Dr. Manette's love for his daughter is clear throughout the story he expresses his thought verbally. When his daughter Lucie is married he tells her â€Å"Consider how natural and how plain it is, my dear, that it should be so. You, devoted and young, cannot fully appreciate the anxiety I have felt that your life should not be wasted.†1 Dr.Manette is a very caring man. Caring, that is the one adjective I would use to describe Dr.Manette.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I said before Dr.Manette loves his daughter. Lucie Manette is his driving force. Dr.Manette wants little except for his daughter to live a full and happy life and himself to be a part of it. His desire to be a part of Lucie life makes it hard for him to give her up to Charles Darnay. After the wedding Dr.Manette says â€Å"Take her, Charles. She is yours.†2 He does so with a quite sadness. A huge portion of the story revolves about Dr.Manette's past suffering in the Bastille. The Doctors Bastille time is pure hell. Ever after being freed he still mumbles crazy things such as â€Å"It is a lady's shoe. It is a young lady's walking-shoe. It is in the present mode. I have had a pattern in my hand.†3 Outbursts such as that show that he is not nor may he ever heal his scars. Though the book starts after his imprisonment, his Bastille time contains his actions that effects the stories plot the most. The action that truly stands out is his writing and hiding of the letter that later convicts Charles Darnay. The exposure of the letter during the trail is in my opinion the most interesting twist in A Tale Of Two Cities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr.Manette has few contacts with the Defarges however in my opinion the doctors main conflict is with them. In the Defarge's quest for vengeance against the Evermondes they come upon apposing paths with the doctor. The Defarges want Darnay dead. The doctor can not let Darnay die for he has become a large part of his daughters life. The death of Darnay would bare heavily on Lucie's shoulders. We see this when Lucie pleas with Madam Defarge commanding â€Å"You will be good to

Laissez-fair Economics :: essays research papers

The United States of America generally operates under an economic policy known as laissez fair (let people do as they choose) economics. This type of economic system allows nearly no government intervention beyond the minimum necessary to allow the free enterprise system to operate according to its own laws. Laissez fair holds the traditional American belief in individual rights and responsibilities that has led to the creation of the wealthiest nation in the history of the planet. We know this type of economic policy works because our country has prospered for so many years under its format. One portion of laissez fair economics that focuses on individual rights and responsibilities without government intervention pertains to owning a private business. The right for anyone to own and operate a private business in our country is the central idea to letting the people create their own wealth. New and upstart businesses have a chance to be successful because there is always another place in the market for new and innovative products. If you want to get rich you have to be inventive, produce a product that people can afford, and be better at serving customers to earn more capital. This all revolves around the individual and their responsibilities to make a better product to get ahead because if they relax someone else will swoop up their business and their money. People work harder, longer, and better if they are working for themselves or a private business rather than a communist government. Although the belief in individual rights and responsibilities is important there must be some kind of government intervention. The government helps regulate bad companies selling third rate products and helps protect the consumer from buying these products. The government also intervenes if a company has an unfair monopoly over the entire market to help promote smaller businesses to enter the market and have a chance to produce revenue. We also know that if there is total government control the wealth of the individual suffers. Some of the poorest countries in the world rely on a Socialist government and lack economic growth and wealth.

Deontological ethics Essay

Attempting to explain the differences and similarities of virtue theory, utilitarianism and deontological is basically from my own understanding of each. I am having much difficulty reading the materials as well as sitting at this computer for any length of time. I believe my reading visual is deteriorating at a rapid pace because of the straining to my eyes. Virtue ethics focuses on a person’s character and morals. This person will always try to do what is right because he was taught at an early age and by someone he loves and wants to always please by doing the right thing, regardless of the consequences. Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of your actions. What I mean by that is that if you steal something and not get caught, there are no consequences. No one knows that you stole and therefore you do not have to answer to anyone but yourself. Deontology focuses on the outcome of the act whether right or wrong. The person steals food from a grocery store because his children are hungry and he does not have the money to buy food. Although it is his responsibility to feed his children, stealing is clearly wrong. The consequences did not matter at that particular time; he did what he felt he had to do. Recently there was an incident on my route where a woman called in to my job and conveyed to my superior that I was talking about Jesus on the bus and she was offended. I was called in and reprimanded and told not to speak about religion on the bus. My response to her was, is that right? Quite a few of my regular passengers know that I am a minister and talk to me regularly about the Bible, Jesus and the Christian faith. Based on the virtue ethics, I was taught to speak the word of God in season and out of season, when it is time or easy and when it is not a good time or hard. This is my first and most important job and regardless of the consequences, I will continue to preach the word and pray for anyone who desires to hear it. I will always try to please Jesus in whatever I do.

Health Promotion & Alcohol

The majority (31%) of deaths from alcoholic liver disease were among those geed 50-59 years. My rationale for picking the target group under ass's is because I want to try & prevent under ass's from the onset of dying of alcoholic liver disease because 40 upwards It may be too late to prevent people from alcohol abuse. Pittance et al 2006 states that Simply delaying onset of alcohol consumption from early to late adolescence is an important goal for preventing alcohol misuse and also for preventing long term alcohol related diseases.According to Alcohol concern a very scary thought is that In London, hospital admissions for liver disease caused by drinking among the under-thirties have risen y 112 per cent in the past decade, with doctors saying professional women in their twenties and thirties, who might only consider themselves ‘social' drinkers, have played a major part in this rise. Slide 2: Health† Health Is defined In the WHO constitution of 1948 as So then what Is health promoteHealth promotion, public health, health education and health improvements are widely, and often imprecisely, defined. Tangential (2009) argues that there are so many definitions that the term health promotion' has become meaningless. According to Green & Tones 2010, Health promotion is†¦ And More recently The WHO , 2014, has defined Health promotion as † the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental Interventions .I was surprised while doing my research on health promotion to discover how Benton (2008) pointed out that even in successful areas, such as tobacco control and raising issues related to health inequalities, health promotion has received no credit no acknowledgement. This is where us nurses of the future come Into play. It Is our Job to make promoting health an everyday occurrence using every opportunity we can wh en in contact with patients. Ã'›â€ ¦ People who drink excessively do not perceive themselves as being unhealthy.The Department of Health 201 3, supports this by saying 83% of people who regularly drink above the guidelines don't think their drinking is putting their long-term health at risk. The health Belief Model which was originally developed by Rosenstein In 1966 fits very well into this conception of behavior change requiring a state of readiness to susceptibility to a particular health condition. Slide 3: Factors influencing health: Health is shaped by many different factors & Effective health promotion influences the determinants of health.The ‘determinants' of health† are people's values, cultural, social, economic and environmental living conditions According to Davies, 2012, The influence of social norms on alcohol misuse include peer pressure, perceived expectation, gaining respect and cultural acceptance. Lifestyle: for students: no money so they binge d rink: Many adolescents engage in ‘binge drinking, defined by as a high intake of alcohol in a short pace of time.Finance: Although London is home to many higher income residents as is parts of chloroformed, it also has its share of of poverty and disadvantaged populations. A high income individual can drink coffee and smoke a pack of cigarettes Just as often as the individual with a low income. I think as nurses it is important to consider the reasons why and understand the contextual factors such as the environment, the societal structure and the capacity to make good health decisions Socio-Economic conditions such as: Housing: One major impact on the health and well-being of people is where and how they live.Not only is the physical and social environment important, but the home is also the setting within which care is increasingly provided by both family and community based health and social care. Poor housing can affect people's health. Employment: According to Marmot & Wi lkinson 2006, Work is the area where many of the important influences on health are played out. This includes both employment conditions and the nature of work itself. Culture:According to the Poverty statistics. Org. K, 2014 (Black and minority ethnic groups) are more likely to report ill health, and experience ill health earlier tawniest British people. Bio-psycho-social needs: Clear association between Mental health and drinking. Depression. According to the WHO , 2009, Inequities in relation to alcohol, Worldwide causes 1. 8 million deaths. Unintentional injuries alone account for about one third of the 1. 8 million deaths. We have become all too accustomed to much of the global burden of disease which is unavoidable & therefore unacceptable. It is inequitable.Same can be said for the unavoidable deaths as a result of alcohol abuse. According to the UPCHUCK 2007, The highest burden of alcohol-related disease in the world is in the region of he former Soviet Union and Central Asi a, where it amounts to 13% of the total disease burden Slide 4: Effects of Alcohol So what is alcohol†¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. According to Drug free world. Org Alcohol is a drug. It is classed as a depressant, meaning that it slows down vital functions?resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement, According to Davies, 2012, In large quantities, alcohol is neurotic.Sustained high consumption above the recommended safe intake can destroy brain cells. Excess alcohol can affect your brain and cause depression. Certain types of cancer such as mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophageal anger have also been linked to drinking too much alcohol. Drinking excessively may also increase your risk of bowel and breast cancer. Research has found that women who drink 2-5 units a day are 41% more likely to get breast cancer than those who don'.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Stomach ulcers are more common if you regularly drink more than the recommended daily amount.Heavy drinking is also associated with stomachache . Liver cirrhosis and fatty liver disease are directly linked to excessive drinking, as is liver cancer. Alcohol can cause pancreatic. This is when the pancreas becomes inflamed and doesn't work as it should. You also have a greater risk of high blood pressure which can lead to stroke. Heart problems like coronary heart disease and the heart beating irregularly (arrhythmia) are also linked to excessive drinking. Damage to your heart muscle (cardiopulmonary) can cause it to pump blood around your body less effectively. Diet: †¦.. Induce hunger†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Psychologists & prejudice Essay

According to Dollards et al (1939) frustration-aggression hypothesis aggression that cannot be expressed directly at the source of frustration can be displaced unto a ‘representation’ of the source (scapegoat), leading to bias and prejudice. Unlike the previous cases which have their origins in social learning or social identity this form of prejudice is borne out of the frictional component of social interaction. A ‘solution’ is therefore to reduce this friction as much as possible. The apartheid era in South Africa did recognise the problem of ‘cultural friction’ and sought to address it by separating black from white. However, the separation was not fair favouring white (supremacy) over black. This in effect only amounted to replacing one source of friction and frustration with another. Typically, social frustrations are linked to exogenous economic conditions where the contrast between the rich and poor is clearly sharpened. The challenge for any government to implement a solution to such frustrations may be simply be too difficult, or not at all practical. Germany in the late 1930’s and early forties provides a good example of national frustration followed by an explosion of national prejudice and aggression. The application of the ‘solution’ shaped the history of the 20th century. By understanding the origin and causes of prejudice, psychologists are able to propose methods and conditions that can lead to a reduction of prejudice. However, economic factors, social learning, and identity beliefs based on religion or culture may mean that any attempt to remove prejudice from ‘free’ society will be met with limited success.

The Gendered Power Struggles in “A & P” and “I Want a Wife”

In John Updike’s â€Å"A & P† and Judy Brady’s â€Å"I Want a Wife,† both authors are showcasing the various power struggles that occur in relationships between men and women.Both stories are written with a kind of sarcasm—in â€Å"A & P,† the narrator has a very sardonic view of the world which is clearly demonstrated in his narration, and in â€Å"I Want a Wife,† the entire piece is clearly written with a strong sense of irony.   Despite the tongue-in-cheek approach both of these stories take, both are addressing the a very prevalent social issue: the gendering of power.In â€Å"A & P,† Sammy (the narrator) spends much of the story describing these three adolescent girls who were brazen enough to walk into the A & P wearing nothing but swimsuits, right down to their bare feet.   Sammy focuses on one girl in particular, the one he refers to as â€Å"Queenie,† who is clearly the â€Å"leader† of the group and w ho oozes self-confidence.Queenie struts around the store with an obliviousness to the attention she is receiving from the men in a way that can only be deliberate—she is aware that she is being gazed at, as an attractive young woman wearing a bathing suit in a grocery store with the straps falling down her arms, yet she chooses to ignore the attention, as if it just wasn’t relevant to her.The other male employees of the store also pay careful attention to her, and signal to Sammy about the girls, but Sammy describes her in an almost reverential way (as opposed to strictly sexual), even down to the way she walks: â€Å"She came down a little hard on her heels, as if she didn’t walk in her bare feet that much, putting down her heels and then letting the weight move along to her toes as if she was testing the floor with every step, putting a little deliberate extra action into it† (PAGE #).Queenie presents herself as the female body to be viewed, welcoming t he male gaze, yet also rejecting it as something she does not need.   This is her power: she permits the men to look, but doesn’t give them the satisfaction of knowing that she is aware.   Sammy falls victim to this power of hers, the power of the intentionally unreciprocated gaze, to the point of quitting his job because he wanted to be â€Å"their unsuspected hero† (PAGE #).   In this power struggle, Queenie wins.But there is another which she fails—a power struggle with a man who is unimpressed with her presence, whose own authority is of more importance.   This man is the store manager, and he embarrasses Queenie and her friends by calling attention to their inappropriate attire.   Queenie stands up for herself, â€Å"getting sore now that she remembers her place, a place from which the crowd that runs the A & P must look pretty crummy† (PAGE #).Perhaps the man was simply trying to exert his authority over his domain; perhaps he was intentio nally trying to humiliate these young girls because as an adult male he possesses the power and authority to do so.   Regardless, he made Queenie blush—only a slight chink in her armor, but as he was the first to successfully make her self-conscious about her attire, Lengel won that power struggle.   And as a result, young Sammy, still very much under Queenie’s spell, quits.In â€Å"I Want a Wife,† Judy Brady takes a much more obvious stab at the power struggle between genders.   In this story-essay, Brady begins by noting that her newly-divorced male friend is looking for another wife, which turns her introspective and she herself begins citing all the various reasons why she, too, would like a wife.There is a lot of latent anger and bitterness in this piece—basically, by taking the narrative form of lauding all the advantages of having a wife, she is in effect creating a highly accusatory assault on men and how they take advantage of their wives.à ‚   The portrait she paints is one of lazy, ungrateful, thankless men who appreciate nothing their wives do and instead come to just expect it.   The recipient man of the wife Brady is describing is really nothing more than an emotional child, with the needs and demands and expectations of a spoiled child.Brady outlines how the wife does all the cooking, cleaning, child-rearing, childcare, shopping, working to put the husband through school, housework, entertaining, constantly there to meet all physical and emotional needs of the children and husband, never questioning anything, doing it all without complaint, remaining forever loyal and faithful, and expected to just leave quietly when the selfish child-like husband decides to replace her with a newer, younger, prettier wife.   Here the power struggle is the woman’s forced silence.   Brady is speaking on behalf of many â€Å"houseslaves† (as Sammy in â€Å"A & P† referred to them) who must suffer in silen ce.The whole point of this piece is to display how much the woman does suffer in silence, while also reiterating the fact that it is and must be in silence because that is the expectation.   The woman MUST bare the burden, because that is her role and that is what is expected of her.Brady’s narrator is struggling with this social expectation, yet she herself even suffers in silence and still continues to play the role, identifying herself in the very beginning as one of the very wives she is about to describe, aligning herself with exactly what she is longing for in a wife of her own: â€Å"I belong to that classification of people known as wives.   I am a Wife.   And, not altogether incidentally, I am a mother† (PAGE #).In both â€Å"A & P† and â€Å"I Want a Wife,† the power struggle—which is rooted, at least in these stories, primarily in social inequality—between men and women is clearly defined.   In both stories, there is the p resence of a strong female character who is struggling to resist her proscribed role as a weak, submissive female, yet who is still ultimately still held under the thumb of male dominance.   It is still the male’s power that ultimately reigns supreme, and despite the efforts of the quietly defiant Queenie and the defiance present in the internal musings of Brady’s narrator, both women still lost the struggle.Queenie still went home, embarrassed, her one source of power—positioning herself as an object to be looked at, making her power directly dependent upon the attention of the men she then rejects—having been quashed by a man who refused to let her have it.The narrator who was wishing for a wife of her own was doing so in her mind only as she continued with her wifely ironing.   Both women struggled internally with their own domination, but both remain dominated.