Healthy Diets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Healthy Diets - Essay Example The human body is a complex, living, biological organism that is sustained by nutrients for its continued survival. Without these nutrients, the body breaks down from weakness and disease and eventually dies. Like any living organism, the human body has to be cared for by providing it with the means to maintain the energy it needs to keep its biological functions working. Everything that the human body can do - seeing, touching, hearing, smelling, thinking, moving, reproducing, and so on - would depend on how well its smallest unit called the cell is nourished and maintained. Since the human body consists of some 60 trillion cells (Dunne, 2002, p. 135) that are grouped together into organs, each with its own function and purpose, the whole body will be healthy and able to live for a long period of time if the cells in the body are kept in good working condition. This is what nutrition is supposed to do, to keep each cell healthy and functioning properly. Nutrition provides the body with nutrients that are chemical substances necessary to keep the cell, and therefore the body, alive. There are six types of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats (or lipids), proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Each nutrient participates in at least one of the following functions: providing energy to the body, building and repairing body tissue, and regulating bodily proce sses. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats supply energy. Proteins also build and repair body tissues with the help of vitamins and minerals. Vitamins, minerals, and water help regulate the different body processes such as circulation, respiration, digestion, and elimination of waste. Each nutrient is important and none works alone. Nutrients come from the food we eat, which the body must process before they can be used. What is known as nutrition is the whole series of processes where the body takes in and uses food for growth, development, and maintaining good bodily health. These processes - digestion, absorption, and metabolism - are very important and also need nutrients in order to be carried out properly. Nutrition therefore includes the whole range of activities that starts with the food we eat (our diet), the nutrients contained in the food, and the process of digestion, absorption, and metabolism that break down the nutrients in our diet into chemicals that are sent to all the different cells in the human body. If we want the body to stay healthy, the whole nutrition process must be healthy. This begins with having a healthy diet or food intake. What is a healthy diet This is what doctors, scientists, and health experts have been doing research all these years to determine. Several research studies show that what for us would be a healthy diet depends on many factors, such as our bodily state, age, level of activity, our lifestyles, the antibodies we have developed in our immune systems, and even the way we were nourished when we were still in our mother's womb and our cultural background (different people prefer potatoes, pasta, bread, rice, or noodles with their meat). There are countless definitions of what a healthy diet is. What may be healthy for bush men in the forests of Africa and Papua New Guinea (fresh worms, raw tuber roots, and boiled fish) may not be healthy for a young student living in Europe, and vice

Heron 6 intervention categories and one to one and small group Essay

Heron 6 intervention categories and one to one and small group teaching - Essay Example The modes are the hierarchical, co-operative, and autonomous (Scaling Heights 2005). Each of the six interventions is a dimension within a delivery mode, and while the modes change impacting the role of the teacher/therapist and student/patient, the interventions remain constant dimensions within the modes (Scaling Heights 2005). Documentation is essential to the data gathering aspect of the process, and it will support the progress, or lack thereof, and guide the teacher or therapist in the planning elements and decide which intervention is applicable at the given point in time (Scaling Heights 2005). There is a suggested format for charting the outcomes which can be easily accessed on the ScalingHeights.com web site that is simple in nature, yet yields a wealth of pertinent information that help in the application of the interventions (Scaling Heights 2005). Heron’s goal, his South Pacific Center for Human Inquiry reports, is to equip the professional with the information and tools which facilitate the client gaining a â€Å"plan for rational living (1998).† The six intervention process is the culmination of Heron’s own work, which has been widely studied and used in the healthcare industry (OES 1999 Scaling Heights 2005 Scottish Executive 2005). The process is one of facilitator/therapist directing, relinquishing, delegating and sharing control in the patient/student or therapeutic or academic setting (Scaling Heights 2005). The formula was the basis for a handbook developed by the Differentiated Mentoring Project for use in schools (2004). In the process, the intervention of â€Å"prescriptive† translates to planning, which depending upon the mode being utilized, rests with the therapist, or is shared by the group Scaling Heights 2005). Early on in the therapeutic relationship, when the therapist makes the decision to implement Heron’s course, the therapist will have to be firm in

Design Airline System

Design Airline System The aim of the project is to design and implement a Web-based on-line Airline Reservation System. The project will be implemented using 3-tier architecture; JSP, JavaServlets, MySQL database and the Apache Tomcat server. The primary goal of this project is to allow passengers to add, edit and delete flight bookings. When the passenger visits the site for the first time, the passenger can register their details as part of the flight booking process. In addition, the passenger will be given login details when they register in case they need to make changes to their existing bookings or make new bookings in the future. The airport staff will also have login details. Passengers will be able to check-in via the self-service check-in; also airport staff can provide full-service check-in. In addition, a list can be created showing passengers with overweight luggage for business and economy class as well as a combined list of both classes. Existing Systems Research has been made into existing automated system Airline System used by Malaysia Airlines, the system is known as Kommas. KOMMAS is used by Malaysia Airlines for ticket reservation and is a DOS-based system. Based on my research the Kommas system has been used for more than 25 years and has been upgraded 4 times till date. The system is still been use for reservation and check-in for passengers. The same system is use international to do reservations; the Kommas system has a number of features including checking the departure time and day to specific place. The system has an advantage of showing flights that are offered by other carriers in Malaysia and overseas. When making reservations, the user will enter key details required to make a booking and then if the customer is happy with the available flight, the user can make a booking. After making a booking, the system checks if the seat and flight has been confirmed. The system can also indicates how many seats are left if the customer will like to make more booking. If there are no seats left a pop-up screen is displayed saying flight or seat cannot be confirm. After a receiving confirmation, the passenger can than pay for ticket and when payment is confirm can choose to print the ticket, delivered and dont like to pay immediately the user can reserve the seat for the customer for a later date. The system will give the user reference number to key-in into the system later. The customer has a deadline to collect the ticket two weeks before departure, and if the ticket is not collected and paid for before the two weeks the system will automatically cancel the reservation and make seat available for others to reserve. There is no deposit required for reservations. For customers who like to change their flights departure date or time, the system-user has to key in the customers reference number and then change the details; they can also cancel their flight if they wish. The passengers information will be stored in the system database for the next six months. After this time the system will automatically delete the passengers information. This system also allows passengers to arrange special requirements such as vegetarian food. Passengers can also choose specific seats they prefer. Reservation department does the booking; however, the ticketing department also can also access it and make reservations for passengers. Reservation and Ticketing departments are linked together and can access the same database. KOMMAS have a specific code for system users. Users that make reservations and ticketing have the highest privileges to use the system. For managing level, they can only access the system and check the report of passengers and flights reservation information. At administration level users can amend departure time and flights. System down had downtime in the past. In that case, all the ticketing reservations were done manually. The system also has a backup facility to back up the information of all flights and passenger information. This prevents the damage of database due to virus or physical damage. Hence the chances of data loss are impossible. On the other hand, this system has some problems. It cant produce reports according to the requirements. The interface is similar to DOS and hence is not very attractive with basic intelligent. This also makes the KOMMAS system not user-friendly. Users have to memorize various codes to make reservations, view reports, check on flights etc. Information about a passenger is not displayed in a easy to read way. In terms of security issues, the system lacks password protection to access the system users access the system by using an access code given to them. Why Airline Reservation System is needed? An Airline Reservation System is subjected to many benefits some of which are listed below: †¢ Increase in Sales of Tickets With Airline Reservation System it allows airline operators to track passengers purchasing preferences and with this special flight packages to existing passengers can be promoted or even lastminute deals can be made available at cheaper price. Knowing the Passengers reservations patterns can be used to determine the marketable flights which means they can provide more flights and services to fulfill the high demand. Besides, ARS is also capable in increasing passenger satisfaction and loyalty by providing good services and fast reservation. †¢ Reduce in Cost and Time Conventional paper reservation records have a lot of drawbacks: they could be incomplete, misplaced, torn, lost or worn. They also require several storage spaces as well as requiring extensive administrative time from user. With the implementation of Airline Reservation System, it can back-up which will prevent data lost and decrease in time and cost. It can increase the speed of processing, making reservation and searching. Hence, it provides passengers satisfaction. Daily or monthly sales report can be generated automatically from the data stored in the system. Time is not wasted trying to generate report manually. †¢ More Organized Information Flight ticket reservation help organize information better on a centralized database where all information can be retrieve and managed. Users can view, add and edit data as they wish without any problem. Business and Technical Option This table below set out the Business and Technical options that could be implemented to provide advance functionality for the system, this option will be assessed against the functional requirement specification that will be developed. Business Option Technical Option Customer Survey Discounted flight Multiple Booking Payment Option Ticket Collection Email Confirmation Hotel deals Live Web help desk Email Reminder Upgrade Option RITM Biometric Scanner WAP Page Session Management Oracle/Mysql Java/ C++ JDBC/Apache Tomcat Business Option Survey at the end of the customer reservation to improve service Discounted Flight ticket at the last 3 hrs to fill the rest of the space on the plane. Multiple Booking, for more than I destination at once especially when checking in. Option to pay by PayPal, all credit cards and debit cards. Option to pick ticket at airport. Email confirmation also accepted at check-in desk. Hotel deals should be offered when making flight reservations. 24 hour helpline for booking queries and online help. Reminder emails with flight detail and check in . Option to upgrade seat and luggage. Technical Option Remote IT Management, for system upgrades and fixes any software problems Biometric scanner to scan passport for identification. WAP Page for customers who like to check-in on their mobile phone. We have used session management to keep track of user profile, and when a user logs in/logs out. Session Management Within a session, information is stored about user (if any) logged in. External Interface Requirements Hardware Interfaces No special hardware is required for this product User Interfaces: The primary user interface will consists of a series of JSP pages linked by means of hyperlinks. Software Interfaces: Java servlets [2]All user interaction will be by the means of Java Servlets. These will be a small java applications running on the server side of a web application. Any webpages produced by servlets will look the same as ordinary HTML webpages, because servlets use the same HTTP communications standard that ordinary static web pages use to communicate with the clients web browser. Servlets are compiled to bytecode and can loaded dynamically. To execute a servlet, it requires a servlet engine running on the Web server through requests and responses. A client program accesses a Web server and makes a request. This request is processed by the servlet engine running on the Web serve. A response is generated and the servlet sends a response in HTTP format to the client. The main advantages of servlets are that they are faster than CGI scripts because of the different process model. Because servlets are based on Java, developers have access to special API. Because of this, it has all the advantages of Java including the ease of development and platform independene. Fourthly, servlets can access any of the large set of APIs built for Java such as database access, e-mail, directory servers, CORBA etc. JSP [3] JSPs is a solution to problems that CGI programs and early Servlet applications had. Rendering the HTML via System.out.println() is too inflexible for a lot of web applications, because changes to the HTML would require recompilation. JSPs solve this problem by embedding Java in HTML instead of HTML in Java. Hence any HTML changes would not require a recompilation of the HTML file. One of the problems with JSP is that the code can be difficult to debug. Most Web servers internally convert JSPs into servlets and then compile this auto-generated code. If a JSP contains syntactic or other errors, this will fail the compilation and a long list of useless compiler errors referring to the auto-generated code is created. Because JSP are based on Java technology it is easy to integrate both technologies. [4] ASP is a similar technology from Microsoft. However, JSPs are written in Java so it is more powerful and easier to use. Related to the reasons for choosing Java, it is portable to other operating systems and non-Microsoft Web servers. [5] ASP is a proprietary product from Microsoft. Although ASP is really a framework into which various languages can plug, most people consider it implies using VB Script language (JavaScript can also be used out-of-the-box). One of the biggest advantages is that it is only supported on Microsofts IIS platform. PHP started off as a simple scripting language for adding basic dynamic content to websites, it has grown to become one of the most used web programming languages into a major project. PHP works very well on all of the Unix-like, Linux and Windows platforms. Since PHP pages work well on all of those platforms, a particular strength is that it can be used to develop websites on a desktop system and then deployed on industrial-strength and secure servers such as those found commonly only running Unix or Linux. The PHP drawbacks include the inability to insist that variables be declared before use; underdeveloped library mechanism and occasional linguistic quirks. One of the problems if PHP is used in comparison to JSP is that it ties very well together with MySQL database. The problem is that to interact with the MySQL database specific PHP commands exist. Hence when a database change occurs, all database interaction code in PHP must be changed making it very inflexible. CSS [6] Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language. It is to control the formatting of elements of a document written in a markup language such as HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL. It is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation (written in CSS). This separation improves content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content. HTML [7] HTML is a markup language for web pages. It allows web developers to describe the structure of text-based information in a document by denoting certain text as headings, paragraphs, lists and so on with forms, images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of labels called elements. HTML can also be used to control the formatting of certain elements and can include embedded scripting languages. JavaScript [8] JavaScript can generate HTML dynamically on the client, but only handles situations where the dynamic information is based on the clients environment. With the exception of cookies, HTTP and form submission data is not available to JavaScript. And because JavaScript is executed on the client side, it cannot access server-side resources such as databases. Apache Tomcat server [9] Apache Tomcat is an application server from the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the JavaServer Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, providing an environment for Java code to run in cooperation with a web server. In addition, it offers tools for configuration and management but can also be configured by editing configuration files. It also has its own HTTP server to run web applications built using JSP and Java servlets. MySQL [10] MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system with over 10 million installations according to MySQL AB. MySQL runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. [11] In comparison to PostgreSQL, MySQL is much more widely used and therefore there is a greater community to help with any problems as well as more books and resources on MySQL. Furthermore, MySQL is a fast database, while PostgreSQL is aimed to be a fully-featured database. If you do not need all the features of PostgreSQL then it is better to use MySQL. [12] Compared against Oracle, it is very expensive especially for small to medium sized companies who may not have the budget. Since this database is very complex, it also requires a very knowledgeable DBA to maintain the database. MySQL on the other hand is a lot easier and does not require this level of knowledge. Proposed Methodology There are several ways to implement this project but I have decided to go with the Waterfall model because it safe and fitted with the development of this project much better than an iterative approach e.g. Rapid Application Development (RAD) method. [22]Laynetwork 2007 says â€Å"project are candidates for the (RAD) it development methodology different from the waterfall approach but a methodology nonetheless and on emphasizes reuse† [18]Naval Postgraduate School (2002) suggested the RAD method is best use when working in groups because every member of the team can take different part of the project to work on. For this reason I have decided to use this technique. The waterfall model is a software development model in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing (validation). The main steps in the technique are: Requirements specification This aims at capturing those tasks for success of a development project Design This aims at designing which technologies will be used and what components are needed Implementation This is fleshing out the design in the above section Integration This is plugging all the parts together Testing This ensures all bugs are ironed out. To implement the methodology, my project plan has been design in this structure of waterfall. Design Description Scheme of the system The below diagram fig: 6.1.1 is a mock up of how the pages will connect using JSP after researching into existing system use Malaysia Airline and critical reviewing the available program in the market and decided which program to use it give me a better understanding how this system should look. Note: this is subject to changes if any additional functionality is added. Fig. 6.1.1 USE CASE Model This Concept and features of this Airline System is going to be very similar to the one researched which is use by Malaysia Airline called Kommas as seen in Fig: 6.2.1 Below are the lists of features: A passenger can add, edit, delete a flight which represents a booking A passenger can register his details such as name, contact number, e-mail. If the passenger is using the site for the first time then the passenger details will be stored as part of the flight booking process. A passenger and airport staff can login to the system. A passenger can do a self-service check-in. An airport staff can do a full-service check-in. An airport staff can produce a list of all passengers with overweight luggage. An airport staff can produce a list of economy or business class passengers with overweight luggage. The system functionality is described in more detail using UML . An airline has many employees, but an employee only works for 1 airlines. An airline has got 2 classes, but either class can belong to many airlines. An airline can have many flights, but a flight only belongs to 1 airline. A passenger can have many flights, but a flight can only belong to 1 passenger. All of the above requirement are define all the in the USE Case model and Static Model but some of the not so obvious or important relationship could be added at a later stage of the development, that why we have a business and technical option. To make sure we meet the system requirement first. iv. Functional Overview 1. Inputs: ââ€"  Information regarding schedule of all the flights that will be running in coming two months has to be given initially. ââ€"  Details of the passengers given by him at the time of booking/ registration information. ââ€"  Registration details for membership of club. ââ€"  all the querying inputs. 2. Reports and outputs: ââ€"  In case of booking, booking details will be displayed. ââ€"  Results of queries such as flight timings, ticket status, availability of seats, etc. will be displayed in appropriate format. ââ€"  Monthly reports will be generated for flights giving statistics on traffic between two cities. On this basis flights can be rescheduled appropriately. 3. Processing of various types of transactions: User Transactions Passenger Getting the reservation in desired flight Current ticket status Cancellation of ticket Self Check in Other quires like flight timings, ticket availability Airport Staff Booking and cancellation of tickets List of passengers boarding a flight economic or business class or both and also with overweight luggage Etc Option: they could be more users with different permission to the system. But at this stage we have just names it Airport Staff with all the right. Project Plan Gantt Chart The Purpose of the project plan is to define the scope, approach and create a high-level plan for the project. This ensure the project stay on target and meets all of its deadlines, to review the progress on the project plan to date and revise it as needed based upon the information known at this stage of the implementation project life cycle. The first part of the project is to produce the system prototype and interim report which has just been done, the plan has been divided-up the tasks into ten different stages from project interim and planning until presentation. The first task is Project initiation and planning which started on 12 Oct. 2007. Due to the deadline, shouldnt spend no more than three weeks to finish the first task. After that will start reviewing literature for my research focusing on existing system to give me a better understanding how the Airline system works at this stage will also try to make contact with a Local Airline office. The third part of this project will starts after the submitting of interim report and the prototype should start to prepare the development, at this stage decision to which software application is best for the system and a final decision would be made to complete this project. The analysis and design is a very crucial part of the project. First will have to analyze the requirement for this project and then start to design Data Flow Diagram and ER Diagram. Those context diagrams may consume a lot of time. The Design and Analysis is anticipated to finish on Tue 25/12/07. At this stage there should be a design a prototype of the Airline system and should be reviewed with my tutor and take on any feedback, and analyze any problem that comes up and take on suggestion. Expected to spend 21 days to complete this task. After completing the review session the next task will be to update the plan and requirements, should have a final update for the plan and project requirement. This plan should meet all requirements in developing a successful database CASE tool. This is expected to take five days to complete. And the next task is the System Design which is Database and Software Architecture. This should be the main design, at the stage should have collected all the information and resources needed so this should be the final draft to put up for testing. This is expected to last fourteen days. The next task is Prototype Review of major modules in this task is to make sure everything is inline with the agreed prototype and that the entire system requirement has been implemented. It is expected to be completed by Tue, 25/03/08 After the implementation phase, the next phase is testing by constructing a Test Data and Test Plan. Will create an acceptance test-data and if any problems occur should begin system debugging. This is expected to be completed by Thu, 17/04/08 The following task is Final Report and Testing Evaluation. Will write-up the system design system testing and system evaluation. It very important to stay focus on the Final Report as well as System Completion even towards the end of project development to prepare a well written and high quality final report. 8 The final task in my project plan is presentation at the time of writing this plan which may change believe we may not be having any more presentation after this initial one. Project Milestones The milestones table below its mainly divided into ten major phases, which the first phase should be completed by 10 October 2007 while the second phases are expected to be completed by 05 Dec. 2007 including the review presentation. And the other tasks and the completion date for each task is stated as the table below No. Tasks Milestone/Date Completed 1 Project Initiation and Planning Wed 24/10/07 2 Literature Review (Research) Wed 05/12/07 3 Analysis and Design Tue 25/12/07 4 Prototype and Report Wed 23/01/08 5. Review on Preview Project Work Mon 18/02/08 6. System Design ( Database Software Architechit) Fri 07/03/08 7. Prototype Review of major Modules Tue 25/03/08 8. Test Plan Test Data Thu 17/04/08 9. Final Draft Testing Evaluation Mon 05/05/08 10. Presentation Thu 15/05/08 Table 8.0: Project Milestones Reference [1] Johnson, M.S.J.,   R. Rosebrugh and R.J. Wood, 1997.   Entity relationship models and sketches, submitted to  Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, July, 1997, 18pp. [2] http://www.jcorporate.com/html/products/Architecture/java_tech.html [3] http://www.adtmag.com/java/article.aspx?id=354 [4] http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/java/Servlet-Tutorial/Servlet-Tutorial-Overview.html [5]http://training.gbdirect.co.uk/courses/php/comparison_php_versus_perl_vs_asp_jsp_vs_vbscript_web_scripting.html [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML [8] http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/java/Servlet-Tutorial/Servlet-Tutorial-Overview.html [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Tomcat [10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL [11] http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mysql/article.php/3288951 [12] http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/oracle/115560 [13] Welcome to Malaysia Airlines†, Malaysia Airlines (2003), http://www.mas.com.my, Date Accessed: 26/11/2007 [14] Welcome to Air Asia†, AirAsia.com (2003), http://www.airasia.com/general.php?p=pmainl=en Date Accessed: 5th January 2008 [15] Computerized Reservation System: Analysis and Impact Assessment†, NBTA Aviation Committee (2004), http://www.nbta.org/newsroom/documents/CRS_04_Summary.pdf Date Accessed: 16th January 2004 [16]â€Å"Travel Time†, Travel Time, Inc. (1995 2004), http://www.traveltime.com/ Date Accessed: 14th January 2004 [17] â€Å"Introduction to Apollo Airline Reservation System†, Digital Education (1998) http://www.digitaledu.com/courses/social/SLAR01.html, Date Accessed: 11th January 2004 [18] â€Å"Case Study: Airline Reservation System†, Naval Postgraduate School (2002) http://www.cs.nps.navy.mil/people/faculty/mantak/AirlineReservationSystem/ Date Accessed: 10th January 2004 [19] â€Å"eBay Travel -Airline Tickets†, eBay Inc. (2004), http://pages.ebay.com/travel/index.html?ssPageName=MOPS5:HTR01 [20] A Sophisticated Airline Reservation System†, AxsRes (2003) http://www.eds.ch/fileadmin/countries/eds_ch/portfolio/air_transportation/obaxsRes.pdf Date Accessed: 1

gatillus Unattainable Illusions in The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Unattainable Illusions in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚   The work of Fitzgerald is the product of the "Jazz" era, a time when all gods had been declared dead, all wars fought, and all faiths in men had been shaken.   Fitzgerald's style is a combination of American idealism and nihilistic pessimism.   In The Great Gatsby, whose originally proposed title was 'Among the Ash-Heaps and Millionaires,' we also find a narrator and style that make moral judgements through the narrator Nick, a constant overseeing moral vision that is symbolized by the ever-watchful "eyes" of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg.   Despite the glittering appearances and material ostentation of West Egg, something is perceived as being not quite right with the conventional American dream and those who achieve it.   Nonetheless Nick opens the novel by remembering his father's advice:   "Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope.   I am still a little afraid of missing something if I forget that, as my father snobbishly suggested, and I snobbishly repea t, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth"   (Fitzgerald   1).    The main character Gatsby, despite the appearance that he has achieved the American dream, is actually a man alone who tries to turn back the clock and win his true love Daisy.   However, despite the glittering parties and material luxuries of Gatsby's world, Fitzgerald's style admits a serious stream of cynicism that is pervasive throughout the novel.   When Daisy tells Nick her baby might be a girl she says "And I hope she'll be a fool-that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool"   (Fitzgerald   17).   This cynicism and world of false appearances are significant to Fitzgerald's style, especially because the author discovered in his own existence that all that glitters is not necessarily gold.   As much as Gatsby loves Daisy, she is far from a paragon of virtue.   As much as Gatsby is admired for his material success only two people attend his funeral.   The cynicism and nihilism in the novel are products of an era that was discovering that even the "American dream" is an illusion.   In Fitzgerald's style this is true even for heroes like Gatsby, a man who is described at the beginning of the novel as being in control of life to the point where he even owns a piece of nature: "Something in his leisurely movements and the secure position of his feet upon the lawn suggested that it was Mr.

Education Essays – Egypt Education System

Egypt Education SystemThe extension of the free compulsory instruction jurisprudence in 1981 was one of the grounds to unite the Preparatory Stage, both Primary and Preparatory stages ( Ages 6 through 14 ) together under the label Basic Education, as instruction beyond this phase depends on the pupil ‘s ability. Egypt operates two corresponding instruction systems: the secular system and the spiritual, or Al-Azhar system. The secular system consists of basic instruction which covers the first 8 eight old ages of schooling. The 2nd degree divides pupils between three-year general academic secondary schools and three or five-year vocational schools, as there are three different types of secondary instruction which are general, proficient, and vocational Technical instruction. These types of instruction are provided in three-year and five-year plans, and include schools in three different Fieldss: industrial, commercial and agricultural. The 3rd degree is universities. The Al-Azhar system, which maintains separate installations for male and female from primary to university degree, enrolls 4 per centum of the country’s entire pupils, and is responsible for conveying the mission of Islam and uncovering its part to humanity’s public assistance and advancement. In this system, primary school extends over the first 6 old ages, and preparative school for the following three old ages. Students who successfully complete 4 old ages of secondary school can inscribe at Al-Azhar University.2 Al-Azhar University, which is considered to be the bastion of Islamic cognition in Egypt, was founded in AD 970. There are two sorts of authorities schools in Egypt which are Arabic Schools and Experimental Language Schools. Arabic Schools provide the governmental national course of study in the Arabic Language ; nevertheless, experimental Language Schools teach most of the authorities course of study in English, and add Gallic as a 2nd foreign linguistic communication. Furthermore, there are three sorts of private schools. As Government schools, private schools besides has different types such as ordinary schools, linguistic communication schools, and spiritual schools. First, Ordinary schools have the same manner of instruction of the authorities schools with more concentration on the pupils want and services provided to them. Second, linguistic communication schools have the same educational stuffs as the authorities with the exclusion that all those stuffs are taught in different linguistic communications ; this is beside the high fees those schools requires. The 3rd type of private instruction is spiritual that are established or controlled by Muslim Brotherhood. Their educational course of study is wholly unlike the authorities and Azhar schools. Private schools on Egypt are considered the best instruction because of high and assorted installations offered by those schools. This educational system is supervises by the ministry of instruction However, the Azhar instruction system is supervised by the Supreme Council of the Al-Azhar Institution and considered to be independent from the Ministry of Education, but is finally under supervising by the Egyptian Prime Minister. The Azhar schools are named â€Å" Institutes † and besides portion the same phases as the normal educational system which both include primary, preparatory, and secondary instruction. The Azhar schools in all stages teach non-religious topics, to a certain grade ; nevertheless, the bulk of the course of study consists of spiritual topics. All the pupils are Muslims, and males and females are separated in all stages. The Azhar schools are spread all over the state, but overly in rural countries. The alumnuss of the Azhar secondary schools are eligible to go on their surveies merely at the Al-Azhar University. In the early 2000s, the Azhar schools accounted for less than 4 % of the entire registration. There are both private and public universities of higher instruction in Egypt. The difference between them is that Public higher instruction is free in Egypt, and Egyptian pupils merely pay enrollment fees, but Private instruction is much more expensive and is considered to b for the elite, as alumnuss of such schools by and large do really good on their concluding secondary school scrutinies, which ensures them entree to what are considered as elect modules. Presently 98 per centum of alumnuss from secondary schools enter higher instruction. The higher instruction sector in Egypt is comprised of universities and establishments of proficient and professional preparation. The system is made up of 12 public universities, 51public non-university establishments, and 4 private ( for net income ) universities. In May 2000, there were 18 pending applications to open extra private for net income higher instruction establishments. Of the 51 non-university establishments, 47 are biennial in-between proficient institutes ( MTI ) , and 4 are four or five-year higher proficient institutes ( World Bank, 2000:1 ) . The major public universities are Cairo University ( 100,000 pupils ) , Alexandria University, Ain Shams University, and the 1,000-year-old Al-Azhar University. While the American University in Cairo, the German University in Cairo and the Universite Francaise d'Egypte is of the taking private universities in Egypt. Entry into the secular university system is based on the consequences of the Secondary Educational stage. Harmonizing to the article â€Å"Egypt, † â€Å"only pupils go toing general academic secondary schools were eligible to matriculate ; nevertheless since 1970 universities have been inscribing some pupils from vocational schools. The Placement Bureau of the Ministry of Higher Education controls admittance, and there is alegion clausesimposed by the Supreme Council of Universities ( SCU ) on admittance at institutional and province levels† . Al-Azhar University system, unlike other systems, requires certain certifications like a Secondary School Certificate from the Al-Azhar instruction system and a Certificate of Koran Recitation from a Koran Recitation Institute or keep an Al-Azhar sheepskin. Non-university instruction is offered by industrial, commercial, and proficient institutes which provide 2-year classs taking to diplomas in accounting, secretarial work, insurance, computing machine or wellness scientific disciplines and electronics. Technical instruction schools provide 5-year classs taking to progress proficient instruction sheepskin in commercial, industrial, and agricultural Fieldss. Although the American University in Cairo ( AUC ) has existed since 1919 as a private university, Egypt merely legalized Egyptian private universities in 1992 when the People’s Assembly passed a Law # 101 leting the constitution of private universities. The most indispensable consideration is that the Minister for Education must O.K. the assignment of private university, as presidents, and non-Egyptians can non busy taking places in private universities without the ministry’s blessing. The 2nd critical facet is that the Supreme Council of Universities indirectly supervises private universities and is responsible for monitoring criterions to guarantee that graduation certifications from province and private universities represent an equal instruction degree compared with the governmental certifications. â€Å"In May 2002, the private universities’ commission was replaced with theprivateuniversities’ council.The council has the same powers as the Supreme Council of Universities, which regulates public universities.† Many Peoples assume that private higher instruction establishments in Egypt are s establishments that â€Å"sell†grades to those who can afford the university expanses. Critics of private higher instruction in Egypt besides argue that private higher instruction is at odds with the rules of the1952 Revolution, which called for equal entree to educational chances for all citizens. Egypt is considered the state that has the largest higher instruction systems in the 3rd universe as it contains about 1.670 million pupils. Egypt relies in its instruction on biennial proficient institutes to go on supplying entree to all secondary school alumnuss while protecting the already overfed universities. Technical institutes enroll 40 per centum of all secondary school alumnuss. This deficiency of fiscal, human, and material resources consequences in hapless quality instruction in most universities and is considered by many people as non academic establishment. The figure of higher instruction pupils per 100,000 dwellers is 1,900 in Egypt compared to 1,132 in Morocco ; 1,236 in Algeria ; and 1,253 in Tunisia. Surveies on the societal category and educational backgrounds of province university pupils have revealed inequalities of entree to what are considered as high status/elite modules. To better the educational system in Egypt administration and control of higher instruction should be obtained by the Ministry of Higher Education, the Supreme Council of Universities ( SCU ) , and the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes. The Ministry of Higher Education has a legal authorization over higher instruction by oversing and commanding the instruction, planning, policy devising, and quality control on primary and preparative schools and developing for basic instruction for instructors. The Supreme Council of Universities formulates is the 1 responsible for policy devising and decision making or commanding the figure of pupils to be admitted to each module in each university. Furthermore, supervising and disposal of the Al-Azhar higher instruction system is the duty of theCardinal Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes, which is a section of the Supreme Council of Al-Azhar that is responsible for the development of the general policy and planning to enable the spread of Islamic civilization and Arabic linguistic communication. In official discourse, instruction in Egypt is â€Å"free† from basic to higher instruction. While officially the province is responsible for funding higher instruction in Egypt, the state’s portion of higher instruction finance for universities was reduced to 85 per centum in 1994-1995, go forthing the universities to bring forth the staying 15 per centum through assorted gross variegation schemes. Sanyal ( 1998:16 ) , and the World Bank ( 2000:40-41 ) place the undermentioned gross variegation schemes adopted by Egyptian universities: ( a ) Charging nominal tuition fees for alternate academic plans that are perceived to be of high quality and presenting other relevant fees. For illustration, province universities have introduced foreign linguistic communication plans for which they charge tuition. Some public universities charge ?E1,000 as tuition for a degree plan in Commerce which uses English as a medium of direction. The figure of appliers in some degree plans in public universities exceeds available infinites, a phenomenon which gives room for universities to bear down tuition. While the tuition charged in this instance is still merely about 33 per centum of the existent cost of the plan, this agreement sets a case in point towards cost recovery in public establishments ( World Bank, 2002:40 ) . Besides, in recent old ages, a new system of admittance to the modules of Law, Commerce, and Humanistic disciplines allows a less qualified pupil to obtain a topographic point on paying an admittance fee of ?E 360 ( Sanyal, op cit ) . The impact of this pattern on the quality has been negative as manifested by a high figure of reiterating pupils in universities. Egyptian pupils pay between ?E30-?E150 per twelvemonth as a nominal tuition fee in authorities funded universities. In add-on, they besides pay necessary equipment, books, transit, and abode fees. The pattern of bear downing nominal tuition fees in Egyptian public universities goes as far back as 1924 when the Egyptian University ( now Cairo University ) started bear downing ?E30 per twelvemonth for all modules with the exclusion of the pharmacological medicine section that charged ?E20 per twelvemonth. This university besides imposed a non-refundable scrutiny fee of ?E1.16 Tuition fee in private universities range from E15,000-25,000. The American University in Cairo-the oldest private university in Egypt, charges a tuition fee of US $ 2,813 for 6 credits and US $ 469 for each extra recognition. ( B ) Income coevals by specialised university centres from: ( 1 ) Cooperation with industry ; ( 2 ) Patent rights ; ( 3 ) Provision of go oning instruction to industrial employees ; ( 4 ) Entree to research lab and scientific equipment ; ( 5 ) Manufacturing intermediate industrial merchandises ; In add-on, In 1998, theInternational Finance Corporation ( IFC) conducted an extended feasibleness survey onthe market for pupil loans in post-secondary instruction in Egypt.This survey recommendedagainstestablishing a pupil loan plan due to the undermentioned grounds: ( a ) limited market size ; ( B ) underdeveloped debt/credit market ; ( degree Celsius ) cultural attitude uncomfortable with personal debt and loans ; and ( vitamin D ) deficiency of a consumer recognition bureau ( World Bank, 2000 op cit: 41 ) . As a consequence of the above recommendations, the Egyptian Government by 2000 was be aftering to set upa ?E100 million-loan planfor destitute university pupils. Under this proposed loan strategy, pupils who canprovethat they are in demand of fiscal aid for education-related disbursals will be eligible to have up to?E1000 pertwelvemonthin authorities loans. The loans are to be involvement free and refund will be spread out over a period of 40 old ages after graduation. Problems and challenges in Egyptian higher instruction system are analyzed in the World Bank’sHigher Education Enhancement Project,which is a portion of a comprehensive reform scheme for higher instruction in Egypt. The higher instruction reform docket was influenced by the National Conference on Higher Education, held in February 2000, and aims to turn to Egypt’s demand to upgrade educational quality in the university sector. Egyptian higher instruction sector faces a figure of challenges including: ( I ) antiquated system-wide administration and direction ; ( two ) low quality and relevancy at the university degree ; ( three ) low quality and relevancy at the in-between proficient degree ; and ( four ) limited financial sustainability of publically financed registrations ( World Bank, 2000:1 ) . The job of financially weak registrations is related to the dramatic addition in registrations in university instruction.For illustration, registrations increased by 42 per centum between 1997/98 and 1998/99 taking to an 8 per centum diminution in per -student disbursement that exacerbated disparities in resource allotment between modules ( World Bank, 2002:41 ) . While the overall outgo on instruction as a proportion of GDP has grown from 3.9 per centum in 1991 to 5.9 per centum in 1998 with higher instruction having a 28 per centum portion of entire outgo in 1998, the dramatic growing of the higher instruction pupil population in Egypt creats a serious job in funding higher instruction. Given the high population growing in higher instruction, to merely keep the portion of 18-22 age group at its present 20 per centum degree ( this is an official policy ) would necessitate on norm an extra 60,000 new registrations in higher instruction for the following 10 old ages ( World Bank, 2000:2 ) . The authorities has no fiscal ability to make this.

Life as a Buddhist Essay

Many people all around this planet have knowingly or unknowingly met people of the Buddhist community or even seen a Buddhist Temple. In whatever circumstances, hearing of, meeting with the real Buddhists or visiting their temple is not an issue. The fundamental question is, ‘what is Buddhism? ’ An article, The Buddhist Way appearing in the Buddha Net (2008) defines Buddhism as, â€Å"†¦a religion, a series of practices and a way of life based on the teachings of Buddha who, after achieving enlightenment, taught that the nature of the world is constant change. † According to the teaching of Buddha, all things in this world are temporary and the inability to understand life’s nature is the source of people’s unhappiness, trouble and their suffering. Buddhism is therefore a means to correct people’s views, expectations along with their conduct and bring happiness, peace, wisdom, Nirvana and end suffering. Buddha’s teachings are a source of inspiration to people whose religion is Buddhism. Their lives have perhaps been influenced by these teachings (Buddha Net 2008). This essay seeks to explore through the day to day life of Buddhist men, women and children The males were the dominant figures in the Buddhist community. Their responsibility was to take care of the females in their community. They were the voice in their families and no woman could dare go against their wishes. The woman could only manage the affairs of the house in the way that the husband dictated. The males could marry as many wives as their strength allowed (Buddha Net 2008). They could become monks to serve in the Buddhism religion where they were supposed to live a celibate life (Andrew, nd). To understand the situation currently facing the Buddhist woman, it is important to look at the early life of the Buddhist woman. The Buddhist woman seems to have gone through so much than any other living creature. Her life was that of submissiveness and servitude; as a child and youth, a wife and an elderly woman, she had to obey and serve her parents, husband and grown children respectively. They had no right to chose whom to marry and would marry anyone chosen to them by parents. On very rare occasions, they were given an opportunity to choose from a few suitors. Some of the women therefore were forced to elope. Once they were in marriage they were to obey their husbands together with his parents without question. Like objects, they could seldom make decisions; they were ordered on what was to be done by men (Andrew, nd). Women’s role in the Buddhist society was to manage household affairs such as cooking, cleaning the house, bearing and looking after the children. They only ate leftovers after the men had had their fill. Women were treated more or less like objects. Their husbands could beat them up if they were displeased to, an extent of being thrown out from the family house. A woman could not file for a divorce but a man could (Andrew, nd). Their role as said earlier was to bring forth children for their dear husbands and if the woman was barren, another wife was the better option for the husband. As opposed to men, women who committed adultery were put to death. Men could also give away their wives to their men friends. The woman was the most degraded creature in the early Buddhist community whose activates and decisions were under the remote control of men. Many women served as slaves and had to follow whatever their masters said even if it meant the sexual act. They were also beaten up by their master and even murdered without anyone’s alarm. Due to these merciless and regular beatings they occasionally committed suicide. The life of a traditional Buddhist woman was made of a dark cloud of suffering. Andrews in her article Women in Theravada Buddhism joins Janice Willis in saying that women â€Å"†¦were helpmates at best and burdens at worst, but always they were viewed as being inferior, second class citizens† (Andrew, nd). The birth of Buddha also marked the birth of the women’s freedom. At one time Buddha was asked about women by one of his disciples, Ananda and he replied that just like men, they could also become enlightened. Buddha in an effort of lifting the woman figure founded orders for both Bhikkhus (monks) and Bhikkhunis (nuns). The practices and rules that governed the two orders were similar. Buddha also taught anyone; male and females alike (Andrew, nd). However it had not been easy for Buddha to establish the order of nuns. Had it not been for his disciple Ananda’s pleading, the women could not have been ordained. Despite their ordination, Buddha dictated eight rules that placed the nuns as monks’ subordinates. To Buddha still, a woman was a lesser being. It was because of nuns’ ordination that his teachings would last for only 500 years instead of the expected 1000 years. Ordination of women was like a crime that he had committed (Andrew, nd). After the death of Buddha, the one time patriarch society wore back its earlier face. They could not deal with women nuns who were their equal and rules to lower the standards of women in the society were made. No one was against Buddha’s teachings that women could in the same way as men attain enlightment but there were certain limitations made for Bhikkhunis to perhaps increase acceptance of monastic rules in the society. Despite these limitations, many women joined the Bhikkhunis as there was more freedom, no servitude; no doing of household chores and above all they had independence. Once liberated, they taught the same to other women. Bhikkhunism therefore was a way of escaping from the harsh realities of life. All women could not be Bhikkhunis; some established other movements such as the Lay Women (Andrew, nd). The life expectations of a Buddhist child can be drawn from the teaching of Buddha to his own son Rahula. Parents and teachers were supposed to pass these teachings on to their children. A Buddhist child is expected to be truthful. If the Buddhist child wanted to find truth the child must be truthful in the first place. Children are also supposed grow up with their actions as mirrors. They were advised not to perform any action that seemed harmful. Children were supposed to learn from their mistakes and be responsible for their actions. They were also supposed to be compassionate. Buddhist children are also trained to become monks from an early age (Talbot, 2010) Conclusion Just like in any other institution, the Buddhist community has had their own way of life. Each and every group had a place it held in the society. However, it had been a patriarch society that infringed on the rights of women. Men were superior figures but women were expected to be in total submission of their husbands. With the coming of Buddha the status of women was lifted but was not equal to that of men. Women are still below men in communities that practice Buddhism such as in India and Thailand. References Andrew, K. (nd). Women in Theravada Buddhism. Retrieved form http://www. enabling. org/ia/vipassana/Archive/A/Andrews/womenTheraBudAndrews. html Buddha Net. (2008). The Buddhist way. Retrieved from http://www. buddhanet. net/e-learning/buddhism/bs-s01. htm Talbot, M. (2010). Introduction: teaching your children Buddhist values. Retrieved from http://www. tricycle. com/special-section/introduction-teaching-your-children-buddhist-values

5 top customer service jobs for 2018

5  top customer service jobs for 2018 Are you looking for your next great job opportunity? If so, then you may want to consider a position in customer service. It’s a growing field with lots of opportunities in a variety of industries and settings, and the great news is that as a customer service professional you’ll build key transferable skills that you can use across the industry and even in other professions if you ever decide to make a major career change in the future. Need more reasons to consider pursuing a customer service job? According to the most recent Occupational Outlook Handbook  published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, job openings for customer service representatives span nearly every industry imaginable and are projected to grow approximately 5% over the next decade. There are positions available in a variety of settings, including telephone call centers, offices, and retail stores, and both full-time and flexible part-time positions are possible. In addition, on-the-job training is often provided for individuals interested in pursuing employment in the field.The following are five of the most promising customer service jobs, based on available opportunities and forecasts for projected growth over the next several years.1. Computer support specialistAre you a whiz with computers and enjoy helping people? If so, then consider a position as a computer support specialist. These customer service professionals provide guidance and assistance to individual computer users, companies, and organizations. They help troubleshoot problems, support computer networks, and provide technical assistance as needed.Although the majority of computer support specialists work in full-time positions, there are a variety of different opportunities and arrangements available, including part-time work, contract work, and overnight work. Most professionals in the field have extensive computer experience and a college degree. The typical salary range for computer support specialists is be tween $49,000 and $63,000, depending on your location, industry, and experience level. Good news- the field is expected to grow approximately 10% over the next decade, and since individuals and companies routinely upgrade their computer equipment and software, you can count on there always being a need for qualified individuals.2. Financial clerkDo you have an interest in working in finance? Although financial clerks typically hold support roles in the industry, if you have a capacity for numbers and an interest in the world of finance, then perhaps a position as a financial clerk is a good idea for you. Financial clerks are typically responsible for handling the administrative responsibilities of the organizations that employ them, including recordkeeping, customer assistance, and basic financial transactions.Most financial clerks are employed in full-time, 9-to-5 positions and are found in bank branches, government agencies, and medical offices, as well as a variety of other indus tries. Educational levels for financial clerks can vary depending on the field and responsibilities of the role. The average salary for a financial clerk is approximately $38,000 and can vary depending on location, industry, and experience level. Over the next decade, the employment outlook for financial clerks looks promising, with growth around 9% expected over the next decade.  3.  Information clerkIn many ways information clerks serve as the backbones of the companies that they work for, providing vital services such as record-keeping and maintenance, data collection, customer assistance, and more. Nearly every industry employs information clerks to help them operate efficiently, so if you choose to pursue a job in this field you’ll likely encounter a wealth of opportunities.Most information clerks are employed in full-time positions; education levels required to enter the field can vary depending on the responsibilities of any given role. The average salary range for an information clerk is approximately $32,000 and can vary depending on location, industry, and experience level. Over the next decade, the employment outlook for financial clerks is expected to grow around 3% over the next decade.  4. Insurance sales agentDo you have an interest in working in the insurance industry? If so, then pursuing a position as an insurance sales agent might be a good goal for you. Agents often work on the front lines and serve as the crucial primary point of contact with customers who are interested in obtaining various types of insurance products. In addition to explaining the options available to them, agents answer questions and provide guidance during the entire process- which hopefully ends in customers obtaining the right insurance plans to meet their needs.Insurance agents typically work full-time positions in office settings and travel as needed to meet with clients. Typically, a high school diploma or some level of college is required to enter th e field. The average annual salary for an insurance agent is right around $50,000, and the long-term outlook for the field is promising- employment is expected to grow around 10% over the next decade.5. Wholesale and manufacturing sales representativeA great option for those looking to establish roots in the customer service industry is to go after a position as a wholesale and manufacturing sales representative. Individuals employed in this role typically sell products for wholesalers or manufacturers to other businesses or organizations. They’re expected to handle a wide array of customer service responsibilities, from serving as the primary point of contact to answering questions, to enticing potential customers, to negotiating prices.Individuals in this field often work on a commission basis; although they constantly feel the pressure of meeting a sales quota, salaries for successful sales representatives can make the effort worthwhile. The typical salary range for wholes ale and manufacturing sales representatives is between $57,000 and $79,000, depending on the type of products sold, location, industry, and experience level. Typically, a high school diploma or some level of college is required to enter the field for non-technical product sales; for more technical or scientific product sales, a college degree is typically needed. Long-term outlook for the field is promising- employment is expected to grow around 6% over the next decade.If you think a job in the customer service field might make sense for you, consider pursuing a position in one of these five top customer service jobs- each has an excellent outlook for 2018 and the foreseeable future. Good luck!