Human Population Growth And The Environment Essay

Human population growth has exploded in recent years and the impact to the environment is what I am going to describe in this paper. I am going to explain the issues population has caused as well as the biblical principles for environmental stewardship. Next I will describe important factors that contribute to the issues that population growth brings to the environment. I will then describe the effect population has on people and the environment. Finally, I will explain a long term strategy with cost and benefit issues and the required support needed to make it a successful solution. After reading this paper you should be able to understand better overpopulation effects on the environment and how we can make it better and practice biblical principles of stewardship. The world population steadily grew until it dropped during the Bubonic plague between 1000 and 1500 A.D. After 1600 the population exploded and reached 1 billion by 1800 and reached 3 billion by 1960. Currently we are at 7 billion and with this rapid growth comes a significant impact on the world environment because our resources trying to keep up with the growth. To explain how growth is an issue we have consumed more resources in the last 50 years on earth than the entire history of the world before us. The current state of the world has over 7 billion people that need food, water, shelter, and hopefully nurtured and educated. These same people consume earth’s resources and produce waste in the process. AsShow MoreRelatedGrowth of Human Population and Its Effect on the Environment1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe growth of the human population has been strikingly apparent that the rate of growth has been much steeper than recent times. The earlier Homo sapiens were vegetarians and gathers they hunted and fished for food. With increased knowledge humans learned how to farm, domesticate animals and used irrigation to meet their needs. The knowledge of water and sewer conditions along with better medical care and agriculture made life easier. Earlier man did not have these factors and the population remainedRead MoreEnvironmental Science Worksheet Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagespeople knew the term ecology. Environmental concerns were absent in the political and social spheres. However, a groundbreaking book by Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, was published in 1960 and large numbers of people became aware of the consequences of humans’ encroachment upon the nature in terms of the use of highly toxic chemicals like the DDT. Again in this period, various environmental events like oil spills, news about the possible extinction of several species have also helped create an awarenessRead More Overpopulation, Industrialization, and the Degradation of the E nvironment934 Words   |  4 PagesDegradation of the Environment The overall growth of the human population in the last 2000 years has been a J-shaped growth. This can also be expressed as an exponential growth. A big question that can only be answered in time is how this population growth will slow down or stop. The planet can only handle so many humans before the effects of overpopulation send the environment into an unrecoverable tailspin of degradation. So the question is will the overall maximum human population be reached inRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Public Health Revolution1697 Words   |  7 Pages Since our origin, worldwide human population has steadily been on the rise. We humans emerged as a species about 200,000 years ago. In geological time, that is really incredibly recent. Just 10,000 years ago, there were one million of us. By 1800, just over 200 years ago, there were 1 billion of us. By 1960, 50 years ago, there were 3 billion of us. There are now over 7 billion of us. By 2050, your children, or your children s children, will be living on a planet with at least 9 billion otherRead MoreChapter 46 Ecology Of Populations943 Words   |  4 PagesTextbook Questions July 24, 2016 Chapter 46 Ecology of Populations 1.Ernst Haeckel contributed much to the scientific world with the creation of the word â€Å"ecology† opening the door to a whole new branch of science. He kicked off the study of ecology when he explained how ecology and evolution revolve around one another. 2.Define the following: a.Ecology-the study of interactions among all organisms and with their physical environment b.Habitat-the place where the organism lives c.Population-allRead MoreThe Future of Life Essay examples872 Words   |  4 Pageslarge-scale lesson in sacrifice. Some people will think when humans protecting the environment, they always need to give up something. When humans need to protect an endangered species, some people will lose their money, jobs and even their home. People will think the Earths gain is humans lost and stop to protect the environment. However, they forget humans are themselves a part of nature. Humans cannot survive without the natural environment. Wilson follows with a cogent outline of how the environmentalRead MorePopulation Growth And Its Impact On The Environment1677 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short amount of time that humans have been on this planet they have evolved and adjusted to many circumstances in climates over such a short period of time. Humans have been on this planet for about 200,000 years and in that short amount of time humans have changed, and grown drastically within that time fra me. If the population continues to grow at rapid rates our planet, environment, civilization, and even humanity will suffer due to over consumption, pollution, and destruction causingRead MoreNegative Effect of Overpopulation.1365 Words   |  6 PagesTHE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF POPULATION GROWTH Some observers attribute nearly all of the world s maladies to excessive population growth. They claim that rapid population growth has at least three adverse effects on human well-being. First, it increases poverty--the number of people that are impoverished, the proportion of the community that is impoverished, and the severity of the impoverishment. Second, it increases environmental degradation--the misuse of natural resources--with adverse consequencesRead MoreEffects Of Population Pollution Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages Population around the world is growing rapidly each year, which is unfortunately causing negative impacts on the environment. Each day the air around us is becoming more polluted as the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere caused by human activities increases each day. As population continues to gradually increase, it is causing harmful effects in terms of air pollution. An increase in the number of people directly varies with the pollution th at is emitted into the environment. MoresoRead MoreDemecology – the Ecology of Populations1574 Words   |  7 PagesDemecology – the ecology of populations The main idea: Note how mathematical models are used to examine variation in growth of a population. Lecture outline: 1. Statistic and dynamic characteristics of population. 2. Growth curves patterns: J-shaped curve and S-shaped curve 3. Population regulation: Density-dependent and density-independent factors. 4. Human population patterns: - Population numbers. - Demographic transition and structure - Population urbanization 1. Statistic

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 22 Free Essays

string(19) " how lonely I was\." I waited for Will to argue, but he didn’t. â€Å"The fewer werewolves for the Weendigo to kill and eat,† he said, â€Å"the less power he accumulates.† â€Å"And if he doesn’t have a hundred by the night of the blood moon, I’d say he’s screwed. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 22 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † I glanced at Jessie. â€Å"Works for me,† she said. I glanced at the window. The sun was coming up. â€Å"Too late today. But tonight – â€Å" Jessie nodded. â€Å"Tonight we have some fun.† Neither one of us noticed Will going into the bathroom, but we saw him come out. He held Jessie’s blood-spattered uniform in his hands. â€Å"What the hell is this?† We exchanged glances. I shrugged. He was all hers. â€Å"What does it look like?† Jessie headed for her bedroom. I assumed to get dressed. I know I never like to argue while wearing a towel. Will followed her. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"Relax, Slick; it’s not my blood.† â€Å"I’m so relieved.† He didn’t sound relieved. He sounded pissed. I retrieved my gun and slipped out the door. I didn’t want to listen to them argue. I definitely didn’t want to be around when they made up. Just the thought made my body remember what I’d been doing with Damien about twenty-four hours ago. I wanted to do it again. That I couldn’t only made me want to more. I drove home as daylight burst over the horizon. I enjoyed sunrise, the end of night. All the dangerous beings with fangs gone to sleep or returned to human form. What wasn’t to like? For the first time I could remember, I pulled into an empty parking lot. Where was everyone? I climbed out of the car, taking my guns along. Upstairs I set the weapons on the table, took a quick look-see around my apartment. Didn’t appear that anyone had been in here lately, except for me. I considered taking a shower and climbing into bed. Then I heard the music. The notes flew on the early-morning breeze and shot through my window. Not jazz for a change, but a hoof-stomping country tune. Toby Keith singing about the red, white, and blue. I loved that song. I loved country music. I liked the slow ones and the fast. I liked the easy southern cadence of the words and the long-drawn-out stories they told. Who was playing country music in an empty bar? Only one way to find out. I went downstairs. The door was open. I stepped inside. Half-afraid I’d find Cowboy, I wasn’t any happier to see Damien. Well, who had I expected? Elvis? A huge boom box perched on a table, a stack of CDs at its side. Damien swept the floor with his back to me. I tried to inch out, but he straightened. â€Å"Wait.† Toby was informing the world we’d put a boot in their ass; it was the American way. You can see why I like him. He’s a man after my own heart. â€Å"I†¦ can’t.† I kept moving backward. He turned. The anguish on his face stopped me in my tracks. â€Å"What’s wrong?† He shook his head. â€Å"Nothing. You’re right. You should go.† I should, but now I couldn’t. He was upset. Seriously upset. I’d planned to avoid him, as best I could living in his front yard. I’d definitely decided we shouldn’t be alone together. I knew what would happen if he came anywhere near me. I had no self-control around him. I’d already proven that. But he was hurting, badly. I couldn’t just run upstairs and go to bed. Even if he did turn down the music. I inched closer. Toby wanted to talk about me, I, number one. I wanted to talk about Damien. â€Å"Bad night?† I murmured. He shrugged and returned to sweeping, though the floor seemed pretty damn clean to me. â€Å"Not really. I accomplished what I set out to.† I frowned. â€Å"What? Selling more whiskey than rye?† â€Å"No, more beer than tequila.† I couldn’t tell if he was joking or not. â€Å"Why are you still here?† I asked. â€Å"Nothing better to do.† Damien and I had a lot more in common than I cared for. He glanced up. â€Å"Where did you take off to in such a hurry before?† I’d torn out of here after Jessie’s call, which had followed my horrible daymare. Just the memory of it made me cold and clammy. â€Å"I had to meet the sheriff.† The truth. Wow. I could tell it. The music changed. Toby was done and a sweet, swaying ballad began. Trisha Yearwood wondered how she could live without him. How would she ever survive? I used to love this song as well. Until it hit too close to home. Suddenly Damien stood directly in front of me, without his broom. He was close, invading my space. I took a step back and stumbled over my own two feet. His hand snaked out; his arm pressed against my spine. Now I couldn’t breathe along with Trisha. â€Å"Damien – † I began. â€Å"Dance with me,† he whispered. â€Å"Just once.† I could have refused, should have. But he smelled so good – like wind and trees and summertime, with a hint of tobacco that should have been unpleasant but was, instead, tempting. His skin was warm, his breath balmy against my cheek. When he touched me like this I remembered everything that had happened between us. It had been sex, not love, but I could pretend, and right now I needed to. I melted against him and we began to move with the music. He was a good dancer, unusual in a man his age. My grandfather had shown me the waltz, the polka, the fox-trot. No one knew how to dance like a civilized human being anymore. Except Damien. Someone had taught him, just like my grandfather had taught me. The music swelled, seemed to both surround and fill me. My feet moved next to his in perfect rhythm. As I laid my head on his chest, he pressed his cheek to my hair. I hadn’t realized how lonely I was. You read "Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 22" in category "Essay examples" My life was full. Of death, sure, but that’s the way I wanted it. I didn’t have time to miss all I’d lost. Not much anyway. Whenever I did, I moved to another town, shot a dozen more werewolves, and refused to listen to the sobbing little girl in-side of me who missed her mama. I was heap big werewolf hunter; I didn’t get to cry. So why did I want to? Because here, in Crow Valley, I had caught a glimpse of what I lacked. Not only friendship but also companionship, love, sex, anything that made life worth living, except killing – which made me one sick cookie. And I called Hector psychotic. I was being tempted back to another world, and I wasn’t sure I could live in it. Seeing Jessie and Will, so in love, holding Damien close, so sexy and†¦ aroused. I stiffened, but he tightened his arms and wouldn’t let me go. â€Å"Please,† he whispered. â€Å"Don’t leave me yet.† A thick, warm feeling settled just below my heart. I didn’t want to leave. Not him. Not yet. It was daytime. The werewolves were human again. We were safe – for a little while. And I needed him now. Even more than I’d needed him yesterday. I lifted my head. He was watching me with an indecipherable expression on his face. I wasn’t sure what he was thinking. Was I ever? A new song began – a boot-stompin’ two-step. We continued to slow dance as Trisha informed us that her lover could smile like an angel, lie like a rug. â€Å"Too bad you’re no good,† I murmured. Damien’s lips lifted in the closest thing to a smile I’d ever seen on his face. Was that an omen? Suddenly he twirled me out, then yanked me back and started a fancy double-step I was barely able to follow. By the time the song ended I was breathing heavily and laughing. Damien stared at me with an odd expression. â€Å"What?† â€Å"I’ve never seen you laugh like that.† I quit. I had no right to laugh, to smile, or to be happy. He touched the corner of my mouth with his fingertip. â€Å"Don’t stop.† I shuddered, righting the urge to capture his finger in my mouth and nibble. What was the matter with me? Jimmy and I had had sex, and it had been good. Hector hadn’t been bad, either. Well, what did I expect, fucking the Devil? But Damien†¦ Everything about him exuded sexuality. I couldn’t be in the same room with him and not want him – even before I’d had him. Now that I knew what lay beneath those black clothes, I had a hard time remembering why never again had seemed like a good idea. His finger skimmed my jaw, feathered down my neck, slid along my collarbone. â€Å"Damien – â€Å" â€Å"I never should have touched you.† The pain in his voice, on his face, made me go silent. â€Å"It was a mistake. But I can’t help wanting you again.† His hands closed around my upper arms; the grip was just short of painful. â€Å"I don’t care if it’s wrong.† He let his head fall forward until our foreheads touched. His hair sifted over my face and I caught the scent of the trees. â€Å"I don’t care if you shoot me.† His breath tickled the corner of my eye as his hands gentled, and his thumbs stroked the soft, sensitive skin at the inside of my arm. â€Å"I don’t care about much of anything right now except being inside you.† Suddenly I didn’t care about anything else, either. I tilted my head, brushing my lips across his. My tongue flicked out, teasing, taunting, tormenting. He tensed. â€Å"Leigh.† I loved how he said my name. Softly, almost reverently, as if the word were torn from somewhere deep within him. I didn’t want to wait. I didn’t want to think. I raised on tiptoe, leaning into him, my fingers busy with the buttons of his shirt, my palms spreading across his chest, satisfying my desire for warmth, strength, sensation. I needed to feel alive, and in the past two years I hadn’t. Not until I’d met him. As he’d said, it was wrong, but right now I didn’t care. I wanted to feel his life in me, and I knew exactly how. Replacing my hands with my mouth, I kissed his smooth chest, traced my teeth across his belly, laved a circle around his navel. By the time I reached his waist, I’d unhooked his pants. They slid to the floor just ahead of me. â€Å"Leigh?† He came back to himself long enough to reach for me. I batted his hands away and took him in my mouth. I’d never gone dov/n on anyone before, not that I hadn’t heard all about it. I’d been to college. He was smooth, hot, and hard. I roiled my tongue over his tip. He tasted like the earth, the wind, the water. I scraped my teeth gently across his skin. His hands on my head, his fingers threaded through my hair, and he showed me the rhythm. Moaning, he thrust into my mouth, faster and faster. I was so excited, I was afraid I’d be too rough. But that didn’t seem to be a problem. He pulled me away and I struggled to take him back. â€Å"Leigh, wait; we should – â€Å" I licked him. His breath hissed in, sharp and quick. He glared at me. â€Å"Let’s go up to your room.† There was no way I could wait that long. I tugged on his hand until he knelt next to me; then I leaned over and nipped his lip. â€Å"Now,† I whispered. â€Å"Here.† â€Å"Here?† â€Å"You just cleaned the floor, didn’t you?† I startled a laugh out of him. The sound caused my belly to tighten with a hunger that had nothing to do with food. Laughing, he was more beautiful than ever before. I had to have him. Now. Here. I yanked off my shirt, then tore at the rest of my clothes. He didn’t help. Instead he watched. Having his sober hazel eyes drift over me in appreciation was nearly as arousing as the touch of his lips and his hands. Nearly. When he bent and flicked a nipple with his tongue my legs wobbled and I clung to him. â€Å"I can’t wait,† I panted. He moved away, yanking protection from his pants – did he have a spare condom everywhere? – then lying back on the floor. â€Å"Come here.† He held out his arms. I shook my head. â€Å"Why don’t you – ?† â€Å"You’re not lying on the floor. Not with me. Not ever. Come here,† he repeated. From the determination on his face, if I wanted him, I could have him. But only like this. Who was I to argue? I straddled him, took him deep inside. His hands on my hips, he guided me. We were both so close to the edge, it didn’t take long. I watched his face as he came. For an instant I wanted to touch his cheek and kiss the lids of his sad, sad eyes. But I knew better. Then my own release took me, hard and fast, a near-painfui explosion that left me gasping. When I came back to myself I was draped ail over Damien, his body still buried deep within. But that wasn’t the intimacy that made my heart lurch, then thunder. No, it was the way he ran his long, clever fingers up and down my back. How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 22, Essay examples

Counseling Assessment of Addictive Behaviors

Question: Discuss about theCounseling for Assessment of Addictive Behaviors. Answer: Counseling in the Area of Substance Use The primary objective of the counseling is to help Ruby, Amira, and Sammy to maintain abstinence from alcohol and addictive chemical. The secondary objective is to assist these clients to recover from the potential harm caused by the addiction (McLeod, 2013). In this case study, the first and foremost step in counseling is to Make Ruby, Amira and Sammy admit of their addiction by confrontation and reframe their thoughts in a way feasible for the successful outcome. As Ruby and Amira are already seeking help, therefore, they are aware of their adversity so; confrontation may not require. Provide encouragement and motivation Well monitor abstinence by screening tests, breathalyzers, and self-report of relapse (Kelly et al., 2015) Assessment of Substance Use Assessment of substance abusers requires taking history, cultural background, sexual history, family relations and mental health into consideration. In the case study the first step of the treatment for Ruby, Amira and Sammy includes their initial assessment of the above mentioned parameters. History of these three clients in the case study may include interrogation to know about the mode of drug intake (smoking or injecting), a level of craving, etc. Family history may include marital status, alcohol abuse by friends, domestic violence, and abuse (sexual, physical, emotional or verbal). Sexual history includes identification of a type of sexual activity, sexual satisfaction, and reproductive health. Assessment involves the screening of physical health consequences such as liver disease, ulcer, anxiety, depression, and others (Bowen et al., 2014). Assessment of Ruby, Sammy, and Amira also include physical exam to identify the presence of the following and require DSM-V criteria: Neurological symptoms such as memory loss, blackouts, Communication and Emotional difficulties such as rapid, slurred speech, attention deficit, agitation, suicide ideation, etc. Physical signs such as constricted or dilated pupils, unsteady gait, needle track marks (Mills et al., 2012) Approaches to the Treatment of Drug Addiction and their Evidence Base Literature research provides evidence, which supports the treatment, approaches useful for substance users like Ruby, Amira in the case study. It includes behavioral and family-based interventions in addition to medication. Psychosocial treatments are recognized to be the basis of "Drug and alcohol treatment." Those approaches are discussed below: Figure: Systematic approach to providing psychosocial interventions for AOD use (Source: Graham Reynolds, 2013) Case Study of Ruby: The issues identified in this case are high alcohol dependency, parental isolation, no siblings, loneliness due to separated friends, and poor performance in studies. The treatment options that are suitable based on her condition include: Brief interventions: consist of 5-30 minutes and are delivered in hospitals wards, general setting, and community in both outpatient and inpatient setting. It includes assessment phase followed by advice on a way to reduce harm. It includes positive aspects and FRAMES approach (feedback, responsibility, advice, menu, empathy, and self-efficiency) (Shearer Byford, 2015). Behavioral approaches- These approaches aim at enhancing the ability of Ruby to resist drugs by modifying their attitudes and abuse related behavior. It increases active participation in recovery and ability to resist drug or alcohol use. Some of these brief interventions are: Contingency Management (CM) This approach aims to reinforce positive behavior in Ruby and promote healthier activities. Therapists may provide incentives to help Ruby to stay away from addiction and enhance active participation. Clients can earn low cost incentives in the form of prizes or tickets for movies, food items by involving in drug treatment and remain abstain from addiction (McLeod, 2013). Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) in the approach Ruby will be motivated by a therapist to participate in the treatment by assessing the desire to get recovered. The therapist acts empathetically, yet is directive while explaining Ruby about the need of therapy, and elicits "self-motivational" statements to bring the internal change. It consists of a 2-3 session and is first line option. It can be used in all phases of treatment and is recognized best approach for decreasing alcohol abuse (JR Stewart et al., 2015). Intensive Psychosocial Treatments are: Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT) it includes peer discussions. It focuses on learning by teaching coping skills. Ruby can learn the "positive and adverse consequences of using alcohol" and learn to overcome her distorted thinking style and factors causing the craving" (Graham Reynolds, 2013). It is combined with acceptance and commitment therapy to retrain Ruby with painful events such as thoughts, bodily sensations that were ignored or not addressed. Research has indicated this method to be effective in stress, depression and chronic illness (Baillie et al., 2013). Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) includes group skills training, behavioural and cognitive modification, telephone counselling, reflection, empathy, and acceptance. It consists of 12 months duration. It includes direct discussions, coping craving and options of medication (Sobell et al., 2013). Community solutions tend to collaborate with individuals and their families, to develop knowledge required for making positive changes. The community programs provide that provides prevention, intervention and treatment designed in a way to promote health and well being. These include helping families in supporting children in overcoming relapse. It includes youth intervention programs such as Family Court Referral Program and school referral program (Larimer, 2013). Intervention services consist of decreasing violence, sanctioning adolescents if violating the probation through alcohol infraction. The later deals with educating students about effects of alcohol and drug abuse through workshops, seminars, etc. Community solutions include Adolescent alcohol and Drug diversion program. It involves screening for usage, diversion programs according to level of dependency. It includes referral services to different community programs (Donovan Marlatt, 2013). In this community programs the people dependent on the alcohol or drug are made aware of how their choices influenced their life. Rationale: CM will be helpful as Ruby spends excess money on her drinking, and she does not want her parent to know that she desires to seek help. MET will help her reinforce positivity and motivate her (Mills et al., 2012). Motivation is required in all the phases of treatment but mainly during initial phase of treatment for moral boost up. CBT will help Ruby to get over from the chronic illness, stress and depressions (Reynolds, 2013). CBT is helpful in triggering positive attitude. DBT is applicable for Ruby as telephonic counseling will be highly beneficial as she cannot seek help from her parents. Therefore she needs empathy and acceptance to ease the process of cognitive modification. Community programs will be advantageous as they help in anger management and counseling along with medicine, psycho education, and treatment in problem solving groups (Sobell et al., 2013). The psychological issues identified during counseling: anger, depression, violent behavior, attention deficit, anxiety, burnout and high level of relapse. Duration: Ruby may take less time of 12-14 months to overcome relapse and cravings, and strictly adhere to the medication. However, if they do not sort to seek family support, it will longer time considering her psychological issues. Being highly dependent on alcohol she will initially take more time to resist relapse. Relapse prevention plan which is best suited for her is twelve step approaches which include AA to abstain from alcohol. It will be followed by pharmaceutical therapy. Case Study of Amira: The issues identified in this case are high alcohol and drug dependency (heroin), low connectedness with parents, stress for being arrested for soliciting. The treatment options best suitable for her include: Brief interventions: To reduce the addiction, through FRAMES approach. Behavioral approaches- Amira is a patient of drug addiction. Therefore, these approaches will enhance the ability to resist drugs. Contingency Management Motivational Enhancement Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Community solutions Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Self help groups Client can participate in peer support programs or Group therapy during the treatment to maintain abstinence. This approach helps in positive social reinforcement by engaging peer discussions as all the people in the group have similar problems (Donovan Marlatt, 2013). Rationale: CM is applicable for Amira as her parents are not aware of her addiction, and she does not want them to know about her adversity. Amira can enhance her positive behavior and healthier activities through this approach by earning incentives to stay away from addictions. MET will boost up Amira to reinforce positivity (Mills et al., 2012). CBT is applicable for Amira because it will help to manage emotional regulations and anger, which are caused due to the addiction. DBT includes group skills training, behavioural and cognitive modification, telephone counselling, reflection, empathy, and acceptance (). It consists of 12 months duration. It includes direct discussions, coping craving and options of medication (Reynolds, 2013). It will help Amira as she does not want to reveal her parents about her soliciting and arrest. Self help groups promote group therapy and per support. It enhances positivity by engaging with different people experiencing similar trauma (Graham Reynold s, 2013). Community programs will be advantageous as they help in anger management and counseling along with medicine, psycho education, and treatment in problem solving groups (Sobell et al., 2013). The psychological issues identified during counseling: anger, depression, violent behavior, anxiety, burnout, and high level of relapse. Duration: the duration of this process may require three years in the case of Amira as she is highly dependent on alcohol and drug and has high chance of relapse. Relapse prevention plan for her include Twelve step approach is best method for her to resist craving mainly NA (Larimer, 2013). Inpatient services in rehab will be highly beneficial for her detoxification. Later it can be followed by pharmaceutical therapy. Case Study of Sammy: The issues identified in this case are - high alcohol dependency, poor physical health and failing eyesight. The treatment options best suitable for him include: Brief interventions and Behavioral approaches Contingency Management Motivational Enhancement Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Group therapy sessions Community solutions Rationale: CM will be helpful for him to get money or food as the incentive as he has no source of income or family to take care. He needs MET to achieve the confidence to resist the craving for alcohol. It will enhance positive thoughts in him initially needed to start the treatment process (Mills et al., 2012). CBT will help him to overcome his craving and improve his distorted thinking styles. It is evident of relieving stress and depression. DBT includes group skills training, behavioural and cognitive modification, telephone counselling, reflection, empathy, and acceptance. It consists of 12 months duration. It includes direct discussions, coping craving and options of medication (Sobell et al., 2013). Sammy can learn the positive and negative consequences of using drugs and alcohol by participating in the group sessions (Graham Reynolds, 2013). Community programs will be advantageous as they help in anger management and counseling along with medicine, psycho education, and tre atment in problem solving groups (Sobell et al., 2013). The psychological issues identified during counseling: anger, depression, violent behavior, anxiety, burnout, muscle tension, pain in spinal cord and high level of relapse. Duration: the duration may be more than three years considering the issues identified and high chance of relapse. Relapse prevention plan includes listing of signs of relapse, development of strategies for these signs, identification of future "high-risk situation" and teaching coping skills and mindfulness skills and restore their emotional equilibrium. The best method is the twelve step approach to resist craving. He requires admitting in rehabilitation (inpatient services) to undergo process of detoxification followed by pharmaceutical therapy (Shearer Byford, 2015). References Baillie, A. J., Sannibale, C., Stapinski, L. A., Teesson, M., Rapee, R. M., Haber, P. S. (2013). An investigator-blinded, randomized study to compare the efficacy of combined CBT for alcohol use disorders and social anxiety disorder versus CBT focused on alcohol alone in adults with comorbid disorders: The Combined Alcohol Social Phobia (CASP) trial protocol.BMC psychiatry,13(1), 199. Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., ... Larimer, M. E. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA psychiatry,71(5), 547-556. Donovan, D. M., Marlatt, G. A. (Eds.). (2013).Assessment of addictive behaviors. Guilford Publications. Graham, P., Reynolds, S. (2013).Cognitive behaviour therapy for children and families. Cambridge University Press. Hasin, D. S., OBrien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., ... Schuckit, M. (2013). DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.American Journal of Psychiatry. Johannesen, M., LoGiudice, D. (2013). Elder abuse: a systematic review of risk factors in community-dwelling elders.Age and Ageing, afs195. JR Stewart, B., Sindicich, N., Turnbull, D., M. Andrews, J., A. Mikocka-Walus, A. (2014). Changes in Australian injecting drug users mental health problems and service uptake from 2006-2012.Advances in Dual Diagnosis,7(4), 151-161. Kelly, P. J., Leung, J., Deane, F. P., Lyons, G. C. (2015). Predicting client attendance at further treatment following drug and alcohol detoxification: Theory of Planned Behaviour and Implementation Intentions.Drug and alcohol review. Larimer, M. (2013). Preventing alcohol abuse in college students: A harm-reduction approach.Alcohol problems among adolescents: Current directions in prevention research, 147. McLeod, J. (2013).An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Back, S. E., Brady, K. T., Baker, A. L., Hopwood, S., ... Ewer, P. L. (2012). Integrated exposure-based therapy for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: a randomized controlled trial.Jama,308(7), 690-699. Roberts, N. P., Roberts, P. A., Jones, N., Bisson, J. I. (2015). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical psychology review,38, 25-38. Ryan, A., Holmes, J., Hunt, V., Dunlop, A., Mammen, K., Holland, R., ... Lintzeris, N. (2014). Validation and implementation of the Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile in specialist drug and alcohol settings.Drug and alcohol review,33(1), 33-42. Schutte, K., Lemke, S., Moos, R. H., Brennan, P. L. (2015). AGE-SENSITIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH SUBSTANCE ABUSE.Substance Use and Older People, 314-339. Shearer, J., Tie, H., Byford, S. (2015). Economic evaluations of contingency management in illicit drug misuse programmes: a systematic review.Drug and alcohol review,34(3), 289-298. Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., Ward, E. (Eds.). (2013).Evaluating alcohol and drug abuse treatment effectiveness: Recent advances. Elsevier.

Most Effective Ways To Overcome Essays Problem faced by students

Wiring essay is not an easy task. It requires lots of analysis, knowledge and understanding. To write an effective essay you must have proper grip and skills on writing. Many students find difficulty in writing an essay because they do not know the basics of essay writing. Sometimes they are not willing and have no passion to write. Most of the times they know what to writer but they do not understand how to start it. They do not have ability to pen their ideas down. Also they focus on external rewards only so that they believe on cramming rather improving their skills. To overcome the problems while writing an essay you need to take following measurements. Brainstorming: Mostly students just sit and start writing straight forwardly. They do not use to do brainstorming which is not advisable.Before starting your essay you need to collect all the ideas coming to your mind and collected from other sources. Essay writing services provide proper guidance on essay writings. These writings can be very helpful to increase your knowledge and understanding of essay.When you collect all your ideas and materials trash the unnecessary material from it to make your essay well-knit. Learn to make out line thesis statement: Mostly students start their essay easily but they do not know how to give a proper end to it. To overcome this issue you must make a thesis question for your essay. This will help you start your essay with appropriate reasoning. To remain stick to your topic you need to make a proper outline. provide compatible and highly skilled writers who can help you for making thesis statement and outline. This will make easy to write a coherent and logical essay. The outline of your essay should include; Thesis statementTitle and topicEssay structure ( introduction, main body, conclusion)Evidential support Learn steps for high quality essays: To write an effective and high quality essay you should have knowledge of basic principles and steps for writing an essay. Best Essay writing services U.S.A. provides detailed and updated material on essay writing. You can use that material to make your essay extra-ordinary. Following are the essential steps to write an essay with ease; PreparingGatheringStructuringWritingRe-checking Make it sound impressive logical: Most of the students face problem while writing an essay because they do not have proper understanding of the topic. They use unnecessary details which make their essay length and irrelevant provide professional consultant who can enhance your creative and analytical skills which would help you to write an intellectual essays. Following are the essentials for writing an impressive essay: CoherencePrecisionLogical orderPurposeful writingFlow of ideasConnection between paragraphGeneral introduction to specific conclusion Take help from different sources: The reason students face problem in writing essay that they do not know how to deliver idea and collect the information. To enhance your knowledge and vocabulary you need to take help from different sources. Professional essay writing services provide lots of authentic material on essay writing which can be very useful to have grip on essay writing.to improve your intellect for writing you can take help from; Web contentBooksFellow friend or classmateTeachersJournals and news papers Create diversity in your writing: If you are facing problem with essay writing you need to do lots of practice. You should make a habit of writing an essay on regular basis. provide highly skilled writers who provide essay on different topic. you can use those essays to enhance your writing skills and vocabulary. There should be diversity of ideas and pattern in your essay. You should learn to write on almost all kind of essays i.e. ArgumentativeAnalyticNarrative\persuasiveExpositoryDescriptive Proper structuring of essay: To make the reader to understand your idea you need to express your ideas with no confusion. There should be appropriate use of grammar and sentence making. Your essay must be error free and provide a logical presentation of ideas. All the provided material should be meaningful and authentic. You must be familiar with the proper structure of essay which include; Introduction ( consists of thesis statement. Central idea. General information)Main body ( supportive arguments, details about the topic)Conclusion (specific, sum up the topic) Use literary terms and citation: Sometimes students get succeeded to deliver their idea to the reader but they do not score well. The reason is they use to write lengthy paragraphs and complex wording. provide expert writers who can provide you a detailed list of literary devices. You can use these literary terms as a tool for best essay writing. You should try to keep your essay comprehensive and interesting. For this purpose you can use; Literary termsTransitionShort statementsCitationsQuotations Understand the purpose of writing essay: To write an essay with ease you should understand the purpose of writing essay. You need to provide logical arguments to make your essay meaningful. Use supportive and constructive ideas to make your essay extra-ordinary.

Simile vs Metaphor The 1 Big Difference

Simile vs Metaphor The 1 Big Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Ever wonder what makes creative writing, well, creative? A big part of creative writing is coming up with a compelling way to express something.And similes and metaphors can be especially helpful when trying to do this. But what exactly are similes and metaphors? More importantly, what is the main difference between a simile and metaphor? This comprehensive simile vs metaphor guide answers both these questions and gives you several examples so you can learn how to differentiate between these two key literary devices.This article also includes key tips for using similes and metaphors in your own writing. Simile vs Metaphor:How Do They Differ? Both similes and metaphors are literary devices used by writers to compare two unalike things, ideas, actions, etc. in a non-literal manner. The two things being compared typically have one thing in common but are completely different in all other respects. Peopleuse similes and metaphors to make their writing more descriptive, more persuasive, more poetic, and more emphatic.Similes and metaphors areoften used in fiction/prose, poetry, and song lyrics. So what is the main difference between a simile and metaphor? Although the two devices are very similar- both serve the exact same purpose of comparing two different things in a figurative (non-literal) way- metaphors and similes are not identical. A simile is a type of metaphor that specifically uses the words "as" or "like" to make a comparison between two things. This usually takes the form of "A is like B" or "A is as(insert adjective)as B." By contrast, metaphors do not use the words "as" or "like." For example, you could write, "A is B" to make your comparison, even though A is not literally the same thing as B. The main takeaway here is that all similes are metaphors but not all metaphors are similes. 6 Real Simile and Metaphor Examples To help you understand the difference between a simile and metaphor, we'll look at six examples of the two. Examples of Metaphors Belowarethree examples of famous metaphors. As a reminder, metaphors compare two things without using the words "like" or "as." Metaphor Example 1 Eyes are the windows to the soul. Many famous sayings andidiomatic phrases take the form of metaphors in which the meaning is not literal but implied through a comparison. You clearly cannot literally see a person’s soul through his or her eyes; the implication here, then, is that one’s eyes and expression can reveal that person’s true feelings or character. In this sense, eyes are similar to windows because they can reveal information to the observer. Metaphor Example 2 "But thy eternal summer shall not fade"- William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18 This line of poetry comes from one of William Shakespeare’s most beloved sonnets, often called "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?" In this poem, Shakespeare is comparinga young man's beauty to that of a warm summer day. In this particular line,the speaker assertsthat the man's "eternal summer" will never end, meaning that the speaker believes the essence of the man will live onthrough these very words. Shakespeare was a fan of metaphors- and earrings, apparently. Metaphor Example 3 "'Cause, baby, you're a firework / Come on, let your colors burst"- Katy Perry, "Firework" In her mega-hit song "Firework," Katy Perry uses a metaphor to compare "you" (the listener) to a firework. Fireworks are bright, captivating, and attention-grabbing, and so the implication here is that "you," too, are important and need to be confident in the value you bring. Examples of Similes Next up, here are some examples of famous similes. Remember that althoughsimiles perform the same function as metaphors in that theymake a comparison between two different things, similes always use the words "as" or"like" to make the comparison,whereas metaphors do not. Simile Example 1 My dad always wears glasses. Without them, he's as blind as a bat. The above simile "[as] blind as a bat" is a particularly well-knownsaying that compares a person's inability to see to the (alleged) blindness of bats, which hunt for prey primarily using echolocation instead of sight. Basically, this simile means that someone’s ability to see is quite poor. (Note that this saying isn't normally used to describe someone who is actually blind- it’s purposefully hyperbolic!) In this example, although the dad is evidently not blind- he just wears glasses to see- this simile implies that his ability to see things clearly without glasses is shockingly (and even laughably) low, comparable to a bat's inability to see clearly. Simile Example 2 "I wandered lonely as a Cloud / That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills"- William Wordsworth, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" You’ve possibly already read this famous poem in English class. These two lines, the first of which contains the simile "lonely as a Cloud," come from William Wordsworth’s renowned 1807 poem, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." The simile here draws a unique and compelling comparison between the loneliness of the speaker, who wanders around without accompaniment, and the "loneliness" of a cloud that floats around in the sky all by itself. Note: This simile uses another literary device called personification, whereinan inanimate object is given human-like qualities. In this case, the cloud "wanders" just as a human does. Simile Example 3 "My momma always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get."- Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump Even if you’re not a die-hard Tom Hanks fan, you’ve probably heard this memorableline from the 1994 classic Forrest Gump. The phrase "life was like a box of chocolates" is a clear simile in that "life" is being compared to "a box of chocolates" using the word "like" (which once again shows us that this is a simile and not a metaphor). The meaning of this simile is clearly explained in the sentence that follows: "You never know what you’re gonna get." In other words, life is random and mysterious in the same exact way a box of chocolates is. You can't predict what kind of chocolate you'll get,just asyou can’tpredict what will happen in your life. As long as it's not that weird, mushy, cherry-filled chocolate, I'm good. Simile vs Metaphor Quiz Here’s a short simile vs metaphor quiz to see whether you truly know the difference betweenthe two literary devices. Mark an X under "Metaphor" or "Simile" for each phrase depending on whether you think it has a metaphor or simile. Be aware that a phrase might contain both a metaphor and simile, or neither! Phrase Metaphor Simile 1. "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun." - WilliamShakespeare, Romeo and Juliet 2. Poor thing, your hands are as cold as ice! 3. "Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa."- Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita 4. "Dying is a wild Night and a new Road."- Emily Dickinson 5. The song was an array of bright colors swirling around in the air. Like medicine, it made the boy perk up almost instantly. 6. "Fire away, fire away / You shoot me down but I won't fall / I am titanium"- David Guetta ft. Sia, "Titanium" 7. That girl over there looks a lot like my sister. 8. "Just like a moth drawn to a flame / Oh, you lured me in, I couldn't sense the pain"- Shawn Mendes, "Stitches" Answers Metaphor Simile Simile Metaphor Both Metaphor Neither Simile Answer Explanations 1. "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun."- William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet In this classic line from Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet, Romeo spots a light coming from Juliet’s bedroom, causing him to compare Juliet to a sunrise- an image that evokes a sense of wonder, hope, and happiness. Because Romeo doesn’t use the words "like" or "as,"this line is a metaphor. 2. Poor thing, your hands are as cold as ice! Here, the speaker is comparing the low temperature of the listener's hands to the (literal) coldness of ice with the phrase "as cold as ice." This saying is commonly used to indicate that a person or an object is extremely cold to the touch (even thoughthe thing being described is likely not literally the same exact temperature of ice). The word "as" is used to make the comparison, so this example is a simile. This bubble is literallyas cold as ice. 3. "Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa."- Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita This beautifully descriptive sentence from Vladimir Nabokov’s controversial 1955 novel Lolita compares the image of hunched elderly women to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, a historical Italian building most famous for its noticeable tilt. Because Nabokov uses the word "like" to make the comparison between the women and "towers of Pisa," this sentence is a simile. 4. "Dying is a wild Night and a new Road."- Emily Dickinson Renowned American poet Emily Dickinson wrote this grave, albeit poignant, sentence in a letter penned in 1869. Dickinson compares the act of dying to "a wild Night and a new Road," implying that death is a natural course of action in life. Because the comparisondoes not use the words"like" or "as," it is a metaphor. 5. The song was an array of bright colors swirling around in the air. Like medicine, it made the boy perk up almost instantly. This example uses both a metaphor and a simile to express the overall positive feelings a boy has when listening to a particular song. The first sentence is a metaphor: the song he is listening to is described as "an array of bright colors," even though music isn’t actually visible to the human eye. Since this comparison doesn’t use the words"like" or "as," it is a plain metaphor. The second sentence, however, makes another comparison, this time using the word "like." The song is described as being"like medicine" because it makes the boy feel better- the same effect medicines are supposed to have on people when they feel sick. Because the word "like" is used, this second sentence is a simile. 6. "Fire away, fire away / You shoot me down but I won't fall / I am titanium"- David Guetta ft. Sia, "Titanium" This line, taken from the chorus of the 2011 hit song "Titanium" by David Guetta, describes the speaker asthesuper-strong metal titanium. This image, then, tells us that the speaker is really similar to titanium in that he or she is both strong and resilient. Because neither"like" nor "as" ispresent here,this lyric is an example of a metaphor. 7. That girl over there looks a lot like my sister. In this sample sentence, the physical appearance of "that girl" is being compared to that of the speaker’s sister. Although you might be tempted to say this is a simile because it uses the word "like," you’d be wrong! There is no metaphor or simile at play here.The "like" we see here is still being used to make a comparison, but it is a comparison between two similarthings (the two girls). Recall that the basis for any metaphor or simile is that you must be comparing two unalike things. Comparing a duck to another duckwon't give you a metaphor but WILL give you a ton of quacking. 8. "Just like a moth drawn to a flame / Oh, you lured me in, I couldn't sense the pain"- Shawn Mendes, "Stitches" This line comes from the 2015 pop hit "Stitches" recorded by Shawn Mendes. The speaker here is describing howmesmerized he is by his lover by comparing his situation to that of "a moth drawn to a flame." Because he uses the word "like" in this particular line, this lyric is an example of a simile. How to Use Similes and Metaphors in Writing: 4 Tips Now that we’ve gone over the major difference between a simile and metaphor, let’s take a look at four tips to keep in mind when you want to use one of these literary tools in your own writing. #1: Avoid Clichà ©s One big tip you’ll want to remember when writing anything- whether it’s a poem or a story- is to avoid clichà ©d metaphors and similes as much as possible. Using clichà ©d metaphors in your writing generally indicates to readers that you don’t find it necessary to take time to come up with original comparisons; it’s also often interpreted to mean that you lack creativity and are a lazy writer. Clichà ©s include any overused sayings or idiomatic expressions, such as the following: Strong as an ox Sick as a dog Time flies Hot as hell White as snow Scared to death Fish out of water Two peas in a pod Check out this website for a longer list of clichà ©s to avoid. Though you should generally avoid using these types of sayings, if you’re writing dialogue for a story, colloquial expressions such as these would beperfectly fine to use, especially if you’re trying to capture a more realistic conversation between people. That being said, definitely try toavoidusing clichà ©s in descriptions and expository passages. Coming up with your ownsimiles and metaphors will ultimately make your writing more creative, more authentic, and more compelling. #2: Don’t Overuse Similes and Metaphors Be careful of overusing similes and metaphors in any type of writing you do. Obviously, the definition of what counts as overusing figurative language will vary depending on the person. Indeed,whereas somerenowned writers adore metaphors andhave a penchant for flowery passages, others opt to avoid them as much as possible la Ernest Hemingway. No matter your preferred writing style, you don’t want your text to be ambiguous, confusing, or completely devoid of concrete substance. A passage that is 90% metaphorical is a lot more likely to exhaust and confuse readers than it is to impress or inspire them. Moreover, toomuch figurative language will weakentheimpact of each metaphor,and you want theseto be particularly powerful. So tread lightly and always err on the side of less is more! #3: Be Sure the Comparison Makes Sense Although the two things being compared in a metaphor or simile should be pretty different from each other, you need to make sure that there's still something similar between them so that the comparison makes sense to the reader and can be readily understood and interpreted. For example, if you’re trying to describe the delicious, tantalizing smell of freshly baked chocolate chip cookies, it wouldn’treally make sense to compare it to the smell of a dumpster or something else notoriously gross and stinky. Similarly, the connection between the two things must be immediately clear to the reader. If you were to write, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin," readerswould very likely have no idea how this feeling of being comfortable relates to penguins specifically. Instead, you could write, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin on ice," since penguins are mostat ease incold, icy settings. Alternatively, you could use asimile or metaphor to make an ironic or sarcastic statement. In the example given above, say you want to point out how uncomfortable the man is. This means you could write something like, "He looked as comfortable as a penguin in a Miami zoo." Because penguins' natural habitat is in the (much colder) Antarctic, the irony here is that the man is clearly not comfortablein the same way penguins must feel in a hot, caged environment. If you’re not sure whether a metaphor or simile you’ve written makes sense, ask a family member or friend to read it (ideally in context) and see whether they can grasp the meaning you’re trying to make with it. Be as comfortable (and as adorably fluffy) as these baby penguins. #4: Avoid Sticking With the First Metaphor You Think Of This final tip is for serious writers and one I got from my own creative writing professor in college. The basic point here is that you should never feel compelled to go with the first metaphor or simile you come up with. When people write stories, they can be tempted to stick with the very first "clever" metaphor or simile they think of- but oftentimes these phrases can be drastically improved upon and made clearer and more relevant. But is it really bad to stick with the first metaphor you think of? Of course not! Sometimes people do come up with amazing metaphors right away and end up keeping them as is, even in the final version of the text. But this certainly isn’t the case for most people.In reality,the best writers will be the ones who take time to reread, tweak, and improve sentences and passages- including metaphors and similes- they’ve written. Doing all this will not only give you practice with metaphors and similes, but will also help you get used to the long-winded, albeit worthwhile, process that is creative writing! What’s Next? Got questions about other common literary devices? Then check out our in-depth guide to the 31 most important literary devices you should know. Working on a story or prepping for the AP Literature test?Learn all about the most important literary elements that make up a story. Thinking about amajor in creative writing? Then you'll definitely want to take a look at the top creative writing programs in the country!

United States Presidential Pay and Compensation

United States Presidential Pay and Compensation Effective Jan. 1, 2001, the annual salary of the President of the United States was increased to $400,000 per year, including a $50,000 expense allowance, a  $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and a  $19,000 entertainment account.  The presidents salary is set by Congress, and under Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, may not be increased or reduced during his or her current term of office. Chief Executive Salary The increase was approved as part of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act (Public Law 106-58), passed in the closing days of the 106th Congress. Sec. 644. (a) Increase in Annual Compensation.Section 102 of title 3, United States Code, is amended by striking $200,000 and inserting $400,000. (b) Effective Date.The amendment made by this section shall take effect at noon on January 20, 2001. Since initially being set at $25,000 in 1789, the president’s base salary has been increased on five occasions as follows: $50,000 on March 3, 1873$75,000 on March 4, 1909$100,000 on January 19, 1949$200,000 on January 20, 1969$400,000 on January 20, 2001 In his First Inaugural Address on April 30, 1789, President George Washington stated that he would not to accept any salary or other remuneration for serving as president.  To accepting his $25,000 salary, Washington stated, â€Å"I must decline as inapplicable to myself any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive department, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed may during my continuance in it be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.† In addition to a basic salary and expense accounts, the president also gets some other benefits. A Full-Time Dedicated Medical Team Since the American Revolution, the official physician to the president, as director of the White House Medical Unit created in 1945, has provided what the White House calls worldwide emergency action response and comprehensive medical care to the president, the vice president, and their families. Operating from an on-site clinic, the White House Medical Unit also attends to the medical needs of the White House staff and visitors. The official physician to the president  oversees a staff of three to five military physicians, nurses, medical assistants, and medics. The official physician and some members of his or her staff remain available to the president at all times, in the White House or during presidential trips. Presidential Retirement and Maintenance Under the Former Presidents Act, each former president is paid a lifetime, taxable pension that is equal to the annual rate of basic pay for the head of an executive federal department- $201,700  in 2015- the same annual salary paid to secretaries of the Cabinet agencies. In May 2015, Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah), introduced the Presidential Allowance Modernization Act, a bill that would have limited the lifetime pension paid to former presidents at $200,000 and removed the current link between presidential pensions and the salary paid to Cabinet secretaries. In addition, Sen. Chaffetz’s bill would have reduced the presidential pension by $1 for every dollar over $400,000 per year earned by former presidents from all sources. For example, under Chaffetz’s bill, former President Bill Clinton, who made almost $10 million from speaking fees and book royalties in 2014, would get no government pension or allowance at all. The bill was passed by the House on Jan. 11, 2016, and passed in the Senate on June 21, 2016. However, On July 22, 2016, President Obama vetoed the Presidential Allowance Modernization Act, telling Congress the bill â€Å"would impose onerous and unreasonable burdens on the offices of former presidents.† Help With Transition to Private Life Each former president and vice president may also take advantage of funds allocated by Congress to help facilitate their transition to private life. These funds are used to provide suitable office space, staff compensation, communications services, and printing and postage associated with the transition. As an example, Congress authorized a total of $1.5 million for the transition expenses of outgoing President George H.W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle. The Secret Service provides lifetime protection for former presidents who entered office before Jan. 1, 1997, and for their spouses. Surviving spouses of former presidents receive protection until remarriage. Legislation enacted in 1984 allows former Presidents or their dependents to decline Secret Service protection. Former Presidents and their spouses, widows, and minor children are entitled to treatment in military hospitals. Health care costs are billed to the individual at a rate established by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Former Presidents and their dependents may also enroll in private health plans at their own expense.

Critically Assess the Claims That Animals, Particularly Chimpanzees, Essay

Critically Assess the Claims That Animals, Particularly Chimpanzees, Have a Humanlike Understanding of Mental States - Essay Example This paper stresses that there are many debates between scientists over theory of mind and do animals have one? Those who are primatologists and other observors of animal behaviour term theory of mind ‘Machiavellian intelligence’, ‘metarepresentation’, ‘metcognition’, ‘mind reading’ and ‘pan’ or ‘pongo-morphism’. Now a researcher who would use the term ‘mental state attribution’ is likely to believe law-like generalisations underlie mental state ascription. This report makes a conclusion that the report states, ‘theory of attention in which organisms are subjectively connected to the world not through any particular sensory modality such as vision but rather through other (as-of-yet unspecified) behavioural indicators’. As observed, behaviour is not always valid indictor of having a theory of mind. Hence it will not be obvious to the untrained individual if or not chimps have a human like understanding of mental states. In research like povinelli’s ‘reasoning about beliefs, a human specialisation?’ a very striking point is brought up that ‘theory of mind is unique to our species, and that its original function was to provide a more abstract level of describing ancient behavioural patterns (such as deception, reconciliation, and gaze following)-behaviours that humans share in common with many other species.’ This material sheds knew light on what we thought we knew bout the human mind’ s ‘theory of mind’.